An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology. Группа авторов

of the arrangement of genes in the mtDNA of m...Figure 3.17 Development of an early eucyte and origin of mitochondria. α‐Pur...Figure 3.18 Structure of a chloroplast. (a) Electron microscope photo of a c...Figure 3.19 Essential steps in photosynthesis. (a) Overview of photosyntheti...Figure 3.20 Overview of the arrangement of genes in chloroplast genomes.Figure 3.21 Development of chloroplasts through phagocytosis of cyanobacteri...Figure 3.22 Synopsis of the breakdown pathways and energy‐producing pathways...Figure 3.23 Importance of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle as a point of...Figure 3.24 Schematic composition of actin filaments (microfilaments).Figure 3.25 Mechanism of muscle contraction. (a) Molecular mechanism of musc...Figure 3.26 Schematic view of microtubules and cilia structures. Tubulin dim...Figure 3.27 Schematic view of bacterial cell walls. (a) Gram‐positive bacter...Figure 3.28 Infection cycle and genome of retroviruses. (a) Genome compositi...Figure 3.29 Schematic outline of apoptotic pathways.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Number of nucleotides in the haploid genomes of important groups ...Figure 4.2 Composition of eukaryotic genomes and a fraction of a few DNA ele...Figure 4.3 Schematic illustration of human chromosomes. The indentations ind...Figure 4.4 Important structural elements of chromosomes necessary for the re...Figure 4.5 Principle of telomere replication. The telomerase exhibits an RNA...Figure 4.6 From the nucleosome to the condensed metaphase chromosome. The DN...Figure 4.7 Schematic overview of mitosis and meiosis.Figure 4.8 Schematic summary of DNA replication. SSB, single‐strand binding ...Figure 4.9 Asymmetric composition of replication bubbles. DNA is unwound at ...Figure 4.10 Depurination, deamination, oxidation, and dimerization as exampl...Figure 4.11 Consequences of deamination, depurination, and oxidation. Cytidi...Figure 4.12 Base pairing of tautomeric DNA bases. The correct base pairings ...Figure 4.13 Consequences of gene mutations.Figure 4.14 Inheritance of mutations leading to the loss of protein function...Figure 4.15 From gene to protein: comparison of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. ...Figure 4.16 Schematic overview of the function of RNA polymerase and transcr...Figure 4.17 Simplified schematic illustration of the control of gene express...Figure 4.18 Structure of a eukaryotic gene. NCS, noncoding sequence.Figure 4.19 Schematic representation of alternative splicing processes. The ...Figure 4.20 Differences between genetic and epigenetic inheritance.Figure 4.21 Structure of RNA cassettes and synthesis of rRNA. ITSs, internal...Figure 4.22 Structure of (a) prokaryotic and (b) eukaryotic ribosomes. For t...Figure 4.23 Schematic illustration of protein biosynthesis in ribosomes. Thr...Figure 4.24 Loading tRNA with an amino acid. First the amino acid is activat...Figure 4.25 rRNA‐catalyzed peptide transfer in ribosomes. (a) Possible react...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic overview of protein transport inside a cell.Figure 5.2 Structure of a nuclear pore (reconstructed from electron microsco...Figure 5.3 Simplified model of the import and export of proteins via the nuc...Figure 5.4 Schematic overview of the uptake of a precursor protein by the mi...Figure 5.5 Simplified scheme of the import of a protein into the ER lumen.Figure 5.6 Simplified scheme of the integration of a membrane protein into t...Figure 5.7 Assembly of glycoproteins in the ER. The oligosaccharide exists a...Figure 5.8 Vesicle transport pathways in the cell.Figure 5.9 Structure of clathrin‐coated vesicles: (a) electron micrograph an...Figure 5.10 Schematic progression of receptor‐mediated endocytosis of LDL....

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 A phylogenetic tree of life, showing the relationship between spe...Figure 6.2 Phylogenetic relationships between protists and transition to pla...Figure 6.3 Phylogeny of land plants.Figure 6.4 Phylogeny of Deuterostomia and vertebrates.Figure 6.5 Evolutionary trends in animal phylogeny.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 SDS gel electrophoresis. (a) Denaturing effect of SDS. (b) Setup ...Figure 7.2 Size exclusion chromatography. (a) Time course of size exclusion ...Figure 7.3 Anion exchange chromatography. Illustration of the time course of...Figure 7.4 Purification of NDPK with a Cibacron Blue‐Sepharose column. Plot ...Figure 7.5 Purification of His₆‐RGS16: Coomassie Blue R‐250 stain of a 15% S...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Key features of a mass spectrum: (a) natural isotope pattern of a...Figure 8.2 Setup of a tandem mass spectrometer allowing the recording of MS1...Figure 8.3 Collision‐induced fragment ion spectrum of the peptide FSGSGSGTSY...Figure 8.4 Metabolic stable isotope labeling. (a) Schematic setup of a SILAC...Figure