Student Study Guide to Accompany Statistics Alive!. Wendy J. Steinberg

your answer to two decimal places:

      5 Round the following numbers to two decimal places:a. 6.8236; b. 3.4623; c. 5.2181

      6 What is the reciprocal of the following?a. 4; b. 3; c. 2; d. 2/3

      7 Complete the following chart:

      8 Solve the following equations, remembering the rules of the order of operations:(12 + 45) − (54 − 9) =(4 + 3)2 − (20 − 7) =

      9 Solve for X in the following equations:a. X + 3 = 10 b. 6X − 8 = 22 c. X − (2 + 6)2 = 36

      10 Solve for X in the following equations:aX + b = c

      11 Expand and solve the following expressions if X1 = 2; X2 = 4; X3 = 9:ΣX =(ΣX)2 =ΣX 2 =Σ2X =2ΣX =

      12 12. Expand the following binomials:2(a + b) =(a + b)2 =3(a + b)2 =

      Computational Answers

      1 23

      2 9

      3 5

      4 16.5

      5 a. 6.82; b. 3.46; c. 5.22

      6 a. 1/4; b. 1/3; c. 1/2; d. 3/2

      7 Complete the following chart:

      8 Solve the following equations, remembering the rules of the order of operations:a. 12; b. 19; c. 8; d. 36; e. 13

      9 Solve for X in the following equations:a. X = 7; b. X = 5; c. X = 100

      10 Solve for X in the following equations:

      11 Expand and solve the following expressions if X1 = 2; X2 = 4; X3 = 9:a. 15; b. 225; c. 101; d. 30; e. 30

      12 Expand the following binomials:a. 2a + 2b; b. a2 + 2ab + b2; c. 3a2 + 6ab + 3b2

      True/False Questions

      1 Statistics are used to summarize populations, whereas parameters are used to summarize samples.

      2 Both X-bar () and M are symbols for means.

      3 p and q are related in that as one increases the other decreases.

      4 The absolute value of −8 is −8.

      5 In doing a complicated math problem, you should complete work in parentheses first.

      6 6.42338139 rounded to two decimal places is 6.42.

      7 Σ(X + Y) is the same as ΣX + ΣY.

      True/False Answers

      1 False

      2 True

      3 True

      4 False

      5 True

      6 True

      7 True

      Short-Answer Questions

      1 Describe how a sample and a population differ and how they are related.

      2 What is precision in mathematical calculation? How precise should you be when working on a question in statistics? When stating your answer?

      3 What is the correct order in which mathematical operations must be conducted?

      4 What, if any, is the difference between a case and a subject or participant?

      Answers

      1 Samples are small subgroups of populations. Populations consist of larger groups that contain all of the individuals in your area of interest. They are related in that samples are derived from populations and are used to infer about populations.

      2 Precision is the exactness of the calculation, or how many decimal places are used. In social science statistics, we generally use three decimal places when working through a problem and present the final answer rounded to two decimal places.

      3 Calculations within parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction.

      4 A case represents an individual unit of study. A subject or participant represents an individual human being in a study.

      Multiple-Choice Questions

      1 If p = .45, then q =.45.65.551

      2 The average person drinks approximately 8 glasses of water per day, what is the appropriate symbol to represent this measurement?NnMX

      3 What is another way to express 1/4?.745%.925%

      4 What is another way to express ≈.33?4/72/665%46%

      5 According to the conventions of the social sciences, what is the solution: 4.541 + 6.327?10.86810.8710.910

      6 What is another method to express Σ(3X + 4Y)?(12)Σ(X + Y)2Σ(3X) + Σ(4Y)3+Σ(X) + 4 + Σ(Y)Σ(3X)2 + Σ(4Y)2

      7 Solve for Z: Z = 20Z = 3.75Z = 4.25Z = 10.50

      8 Solve for X: 20X − 18 = 6(X + 4)X = 4X = 5.5X = 12X = 3

      Multiple-Choice Answers

      1 C

      2 C

      3 D

      4 B

      5 B

      6 B

      7 B

      8 D

      Module Quiz

      These questions are designed to touch on the most crucial concepts of the module.

      1 Expand and solve the following expressions if X1 = 10; X2 = 5; Y1 = 3; Y2 = 2Σ(X + Y) =Σ(X2 + Y2) =Σ(X + Y)2 =Σ(2X + 3Y) =3Σ(X + 3Y) =

      2 Complete the following chart:

      3 Solve for X in the following equations:X + 15 = 252X + 3 = 96X − 7 = 41

      4 You are interested in studying the mating habits of the remaining 4,000 chimpanzees in the wild. However, you are unable to find all 4,000 chimps and so you observe 200. In this example, how many chimps are in the population, in the sample, and in a case?

      5 According to the conventions of the social sciences, what is the solution: 9.87532 + 10.78672?

      Quiz Answers

      1 201382184590

      2 

      3 X = 10X = 3X = 8X = 108.50X = 0.10

      4 The 4,000 chimpanzees are a population and the 200 are a sample, and 1 chimp would be a case.

      5 20.66

      Module 2 Measurement Scales

      Learning Objectives

       Define a scale of measurement

       Classify data according to their scale of measurement

       Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables

       Establish real limits for continuously scored data

      Module Summary

       Statistics are used to investigate variables. Just as there are different types of variables (age, height, gender, occupation, etc.), there are different scales in which variables can be measured. Measurement refers to the value that is assigned to a specific trait. The meaning that you assign to a certain measurement depends on the scale of measurement that was used. In statistics, there are four types of scales of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and