American Justice 2014. Garrett Epps

as law clerk during OT1980. Rehnquist had died a week earlier after battling cancer. “His dedication to duty over the past year was an inspiration to me and I know to many others,” Roberts said. “I will miss him.” The second was Ronald Reagan, who had brought Roberts to Washington a quarter-century earlier to serve as a junior attorney in the White House Counsel’s office: “President Ronald Reagan used to speak of the Soviet Constitution,” he said. “And he noted that it purported to grant wonderful rights of all sorts to people, but those rights were empty promises because that system did not have an independent judiciary to uphold the rule of law and enforce those rights.”

      Read closely, the references to Rehnquist and Reagan cut against the promise of humility. Neither the former chief justice nor the former president was especially modest in his aspirations for the federal judiciary.

      Reagan’s legal priorities, as set by his chief legal adviser, Edwin Meese, had included reversal of Roe v. Wade; a cutback on federal civil rights statutes (Reagan had opposed the establishment of a federal Martin Luther King holiday and unsuccessfully vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988) and in particular on the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (which he once called “humiliating to the South”); an end to affirmative action; and greater judicial tolerance for religion in government and public life. Reagan used the power of the presidency to crush a public-employee union, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers’ Association, in 1981. Roberts, as a young Justice Department and later White House lawyer, was an enthusiastic part of the Reagan legal effort, writing memos critical of the Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Restoration Act, skeptically viewing the protection of women under the equal protection clause, questioning constitutional protections for children of undocumented aliens, and championing an end to race-conscious affirmative action in federal hiring and contracts.

      Reagan did get a chance to alter the court; he appointed three justices—Sandra Day O’Connor, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy. He elevated Rehnquist, a Nixon appointee, to the chief’s seat. Even before the ascension of Reagan, Rehnquist had campaigned actively against the prevailing doctrine of the Warren and Burger courts. As an associate justice, he was known as “the Lone Ranger” for his willingness to take solo positions that seemed far to the right of prevailing law. As chief justice, Rehnquist was not the Lone Ranger any more. But nobody ever called him an umpire.

      In a 2006 interview, Roberts elaborated what he had learned from Rehnquist. “I think there’s no doubt that [Rehnquist] changed, as associate justice and chief,” Roberts said. “He became naturally more concerned about the function of the institution.” As Lone Ranger, Rehnquist repeatedly criticized the police-warning requirements imposed by the Warren court case of Miranda v. Arizona (“You have the right to remain silent,” etc.). But when, in 2000, the court had a chance to overturn the decision, Chief Justice Rehnquist not only voted to reaffirm it but wrote the opinion that did so. “He appreciated that it had become part of the law—that it would do more harm to uproot it,” Roberts said, “and he wrote that opinion as chief for the good of the institution.”

      Roberts said his approach differed from Rehnquist’s in one way, however: Rehnquist wanted to change the law and cared little about the margin. “I don’t remember [promoting unanimity] as a feature that Rehnquist stressed much.” Roberts said that he, by contrast, thought unanimity was good for the nation and the court. He hoped to foster “a culture and an ethos that says ‘It’s good when we’re all together.’”

      OT13 began with oral argument on a divisive, highly political case about campaign finance and concluded with two 5–4 decisions of divisive, highly political cases—one about public-employee unions and the other about contraceptive coverage under the ACA. In all three cases, the result furthered a high-profile objective of the Republican Party. In all three cases, the voting precisely followed the partisan makeup of the court, with the five Republican appointees voting one way and the four Democratic appointees bitterly dissenting. In all three cases, the chief voted with the hard-right position.

      In between came a number of cases resolved by a vote of 9–0, thus no doubt gladdening the chief’s heart. But underneath many of them was bitter disagreement about the reasoning of the unanimous result. The picture was so equivocal that the irrepressible Dahlia Lithwick, jurisprudence reporter for Slate, christened the new mood “fauxnanimity.”

      On the bench, Roberts is a somewhat contradictory figure. He is a far more genial presiding officer than Rehnquist, who (though unassuming in private) was a stern, even Saturnine presence on the bench. Largely stone-faced, Rehnquist allowed litigants no leeway when their time was completed. Roberts, by contrast, will frequently offer extra time for lawyers to complete their thoughts if the court has interrupted them often during oral argument.

      Roberts is also sensitive of decorum in his court. When then Solicitor General Elena Kagan appeared in front of the court to argue Robertson v. US ex rel Watson, Justice Scalia asked her whether a federal prosecutor was an agent of the executive or judicial branch. “Who would you like the person be an agent of, Justice Scalia?” the cheeky Kagan responded. Roberts intervened—“Usually we have questions the other way”—prompting Kagan to apologize. In 2012, during the last of the interminable three-day, six-hour argument on the constitutionality of the ACA, Scalia began to riff on an old Jack Benny routine in which a robber says to Benny, “Your money or your life.” The notoriously stingy comedian cannot decide. “You can’t refuse your money or your life,” Scalia said. “But your life or your wife’s, I could refuse that one.”

      “No,” the chief said, unsmiling. “Let’s leave the wife out of it.” When Scalia continued clowning, Roberts rebuked him sharply: “That’s enough frivolity for a while.”

      As a writer, however, Roberts is both self-assured and good-natured. He delights in the written word; his prose is crystalline, vivid, and often humorous. In a 2008 opinion, he dissented from the court’s denial of certiorari in a case about an arrest. He introduced the facts in the voice of a noir novelist: “North Philly, May 4, 2001. Officer Sean Devlin, Narcotics Strike Force, was working the morning shift. Undercover surveillance. The neighborhood? Tough as a three-dollar steak.” In an OT09 case, AT&T argued that, as a corporation, it was a “legal person” and could thus refuse to disclose documents under a statutory provision protecting “personal property.” Roberts wrote,

      In ordinary usage, a noun and its adjective form may have meanings as disparate as any two unrelated words. . . . [Thus] the noun “crab” refers variously to a crustacean and a type of apple, while the related adjective “crabbed” can refer to handwriting that is “difficult to read”; “corny” can mean “using familiar and stereotyped formulas believed to appeal to the unsophisticated,” which has little to do with “corn” (“the seeds of any of the cereal grasses used for food”); and while “crank” is “a part of an axis bent at right angles,” “cranky” can mean “given to fretful fussiness.”

      The statute’s “personal privacy” protection, he concluded, “does not extend to corporations. We trust that AT&T will not take it personally.”

      During OT13, Roberts authored four high-profile opinions in cases that concerned the federal government’s power to make and enforce treaties, the states’ power to protect abortion facilities from disruptive protest, the right of the police to search the contents of a cellphone when they have arrested its owner, and the federal government’s power to limit contributions to federal election campaigns.

      The campaign-finance opinion, called McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, was his signature work for OT13. The case followed the court’s 2010 decision, Citizens United, in concluding that the First Amendment was an all but impassable obstacle to efforts to limit the role of concentrated wealth in politics.

      Citizens United had dealt with the issue of “independent expenditures” by for-profit corporations during federal elections. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (“McCain-Feingold”) prohibited corporations from spending money to influence elections—in that case, by buying television time to advertise a film critical of then Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton—within thirty days of the vote. The court concluded that Congress could put no limits on these “independent