Dividing Divided States. Gregory F. Treverton

      

      Dividing

      Divided States

      Dividing

      Divided States

      Gregory F. Treverton

      UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

      PHILADELPHIA

      Copyright © 2014 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

       www.upenn.edu/pennpress

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Treverton, Gregory F.

      Diviging divided states / Gregory F. Treverton.

      p. cm.

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-8122-4599-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)

      1. Partition, Territorial. 2. Dismemberment of nations. I. Title.

      KZ4028.T74 2014

      320.l'2—dc23

      2013038740

      CONTENTS

       List of Abbreviations

       Introduction

       PART I. PEOPLE

       1. Citizenship

       2. Refugees and Security

       3. Pastoralists

       PART II. NATURAL RESOURCES

       4. Oil and Infrastructure

       5. Resource Revenue Funds

       6. Water

       PART III. NATIONAL RESOURCES

       7. Assets and Liabilities

       8. Currency and Financial Arrangements

       Conclusion

       Appendix

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      ABBREVIATIONS

CPA	Comprehensive Peace Agreement, Sudan
CSR	Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
EU	European Union
FSU	former Soviet Union
GoS	government of Sudan (north)
IBRD	International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, usually known simply as the World Bank
ICCPR	International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICERD	International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
IDPs	internally displaced persons
IMF	International Monetary Fund
INC	Interim National Constitution, Sudan
IOM	International Organization for Migration
OSCE	Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
SPLM, SPLA	Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army, South Sudan
UNHCR	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

      Dividing

      Divided States

      Introduction

      In the early 1990s, the weary senior director for Europe on the U.S. National Security Council used to kid his colleagues by saying, “Why don’t you get going? I’ve presided over the creation of lots of new countries in my area over the last few years. What have you been doing in your areas?” The flood of new states set loose by the end of communism and the Soviet empire has slowed to a trickle, but it is a continuing trickle. The vote for independence in southern Sudan in January 2011 is the latest instance of a new state but surely not the last. The appendix presents a list of secessions since 1900.

       Framing Secession

      Secession is a region formally withdrawing from a state or federation to become a separate state. Some care with terms is in order: Formally, the seceding region is not a state until it is recognized as such by the international community, but since in all cases the seceding region aspired to be a state and was ultimately recognized as such, the book sometimes uses the term “seceding state” for regions withdrawing. The resulting states, both old and new, are regarded as the “successor states.” If a region seceded, the original state is referred to as the “continuing state,” a status that bears particularly on dividing national resources, like international memberships and assets. If the original state dissolves,