Infants and Children in Context. Tara L. Kuther

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      The horizontal axis shows the percent of households and the vertical axis shows the various categories.

      The details are as follows with all values approximated from the graph.

      Household competition:

       With children under 18: 16%

       With children under 6: 17%

       Married couples with children: 9%

       Single women with children: 30%

       Single men with children: 19.5%

       Other households with child: 18%

       Race/ethnicity of head:

       White non-Hispanic: 8%

       Black non-Hispanic: 22%

       Hispanic: 18%

       Other non-Hispanic: 10%

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      The horizontal axis shows the years from 1990 to 2015 and the vertical axis shows the number of deaths per 100,000 live births from 0 to 180.

      The details are as follows with all values approximated from the graph.

      Combined S U I D rate: The line starts at 155 in 1990, drops down to 100 by 1997, after which it remains at that level with minor fluctuations.

      Sudden infant death syndrome: The line starts at 130 in 1990, shows a steady decline till 50 by 2003, at which level it stays until 2012. Thereafter it drops further, ending at 40 in 2015.

      Unknown cause: The line starts at 20 in 1990 and shows a very slow rise to 30 by 2000, at which level it remains with minor fluctuations.

      Accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed: The line starts at less than 5 in 1990, but shows a steady but slow rise, ending at 20 in 2015.

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      The parts labelled in the diagram are the following:

       Dendrites

       Cell body

       Nucleus

       Presynaptic cell

       Axon

       Myelin sheath

       Synapse

       Postsynaptic cell

      Two arrows indicating “signal direction” are marked, one leading to the postsynaptic cell from the presynaptic cell and the other leading away from the postsynaptic cell.

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      A caption reads: Neurons migrate along thin strands of glial cells.

      The first image shows two horizontal strands of glial cells, labelled a and b, with each having one neuron, shown one above the other.

      The second image shows three vertical strands of glial cells, the first strand has two neurons, the second strand has one neuron spaced somewhere in between the two of the first strand, and the third strand has one neuron placed in a diagonal line with two neurons from the previous two strands.

      The third image shows three vertical strands of glial cells, each strand having one neuron, which are shown in an upward diagonal formation.

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      The details are as follows.

      A comparison of the synaptogenesis patterns shows that in a newborn, the strands are very few and not connected. The density and length of the strands progressively increases, until it forms a dense network by the time the child reaches the age of 2.

      The images of an apical dendrite show that at birth the branches are few and short. But they show continuous growth until the child is 2.5 years, when the number of branches reaches its maximum. Thereafter, by the age of 28 to 30, there is a slight reduction in the number of branches.

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      The four lobes of the brain are labeled in a smaller illustration of the brain:

      1 The frontal lobe is located in the upper frontal part of the brain.

      2 The parietal lobe is located behind the frontal lobe.

      3 The occipital lobe is located at the base of the brain, below the parietal lobe.

      4 The temporal lobe is located in front of the occipital lobe and below the frontal and parietal lobes.

      Other structures are labeled in a larger illustration of the brain:

      1 The central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

      2 Next to the central sulcus, in the frontal lobe, is the precentral gyrus (motor cortex).

      3 Next to the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe, is the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex).

      4 The lateral fissure divides the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.

      5 Within the frontal lobe are the prefrontal cortex at the top of the brain and Broca’s area, which is close to the lateral fissure.

      6 The auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe near the center of the brain, just below the central sulcus.

      7 Wernicke’s area is located just behind the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

      8 The visual cortex is located at the base of the brain in the occipital lobe

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      The horizontal axis shows the number of trials, with a vertical dotted line shown at trial 7, indicating a change in pattern.

      The vertical axis shows the looking time.

      The Habituation graph line shows a steady drop from trial to trial 5. But after the pattern change, the “continued habitation” line continues to fall right up to trial 10. On the other hand, the line labelled “dishabituation” rises sharply at trial 7, but subsequently starts to drop.

      A caption reads: Looking time declines with each trial as the infant habituates to the pattern. Dishabituation, renewed interest, signifies that the infant detects a change in stimulus pattern.

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      The three photos on the top row show a man doing three actions which are mimicked by the infant, shown in the three photos in the bottom row.

      The three actions are:

       sticking the tongue out

       yawning

       drawing the lips together

      A caption below reads: In this classic experiment, Meltzoff and Moore demonstrated that neonates imitated the adults’ facial expression more often than chance, suggesting that they are capable of facial imitation—a groundbreaking finding.

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      The Teller Acuity cards have a portion of the card covered with alternating black and white stripes, which get progressively thinner and closer spaced.

      A caption below reads: Researchers and pediatricians use stimuli such as the Teller Acuity Cards illustrated here to determine what infants can see. Young infants attend to stimuli with wider lines and stop attending as the lines become smaller.

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      The images on the left, marked A, show two stars. A 1-month-old infant scans only on one point of the star, whereas a 2-month-old infant scans all over the central part of the star.

      The images on the right, marked B, show two human faces. The lines indicating the pattern of a 1-month-old infant’s scan starts at the chin, moves to above the head, comes down briefly to alternate between the eyes