Infants and Children in Context. Tara L. Kuther

limb: weeks 6 to 8

       Lower limb: weeks 6 to 8

       Upper lip: weeks 7 and 8

       Ears: middle of week 9 to week 31

       Eyes: middle of week 8 to week 38

       Teeth: weeks 9 to 38

       Palate: week 9

       External genitalia: end of week 9 to week 38

      Common site(s) of action of teratogens: At every stage of the development of the embryo and fetus, the vulnerable sites are the face and brain region and near the base of the pelvic region.

      Note:

       T A stands for Truncus arteriosus[EI2]

       A S D stands for atrial septal defect

       V S D stands for ventricular septal defect

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      The horizontal axis shows the years from 1990 to 2017 and the vertical axis shows the birth rate per 1,000 women from 1 to 200.

      The details are as follows, with all values approximated.

      15 to 19 years: The line starts at 60 in 1990 and drops down to 20 in 2017.

      20 to 24 years: The line starts at above 100 in 1990 and drops down to 75 by 2017.

      25 to 29 years: The line is almost horizontal in the region of 100.

      30 to 34 years: The line starts at 80 in 1990 and ends at 100 in 2017.

      35 to 39 years: The line starts at 30 in 1990 and ends at 50 in 2017.

      40 to 44 years: The line starts at 5 in 1990 and rises to 11 in 2017.

      Back to Figure

      The horizontal axis shows the various age bands and the vertical axis shows the numbers from 0 to 140.

      The details are presented here in a table.

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      The horizontal axis shows the percent of recent mothers and the vertical axis lists the reasons given.

      The details are as follows.

       Lacked money or insurance for visits: 38.7%

       Couldn’t get appointments when desired: 37.8%

       Didn’t know she was pregnant: 37.1

       Didn’t have a Medicaid card: 36.4%

       Doctor or health plan did not start as early as desired: 24.1%

       Mother was too busy: 19.7%

       Lacked transportation to clinic or doctor’s office: 13.9%

       Didn’t want anyone to know about pregnancy: 13.9%

       Could not take time off work or school: 9.8%

       Needed child care for other children: 7.9%

      Back to Figure

      The horizontal axis shows the percent of mothers and the vertical axis shows the level of maternal education.

      The details are presented here in a table.

      Back to Figure

      The horizontal axis shows the percent and the vertical axis shows the different categories.

      The details are presented here in a table.

      Back to Figure

      The details are as follows.

      Image 1: Dilation

       Parts labelled are: Urinary bladder; vagina; ruptured amniotic sac; rectum

       The fetus is inside the uterus with the head fixed.

      Image 2: Delivery

       Parts labelled: Placenta

       The baby’s head is pushing up the cervix.

      Image 3: Expulsion of placenta

       Parts labelled: uterus; placenta; umbilical cord

       The umbilical cord is shown still attached to the placenta, which has disengaged from the uterine wall.

      Back to Figure

      The horizontal axis shows the percent of live births and the vertical axis lists the various categories.

      The details are presented here in a table.

      Unit II Infancy And Toddlerhood

       Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

       Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

       Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

      4 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

      Oscar has his first well-baby visit at 2 weeks of age. His arms and legs flail as he is placed on the scale to be weighed and he cries in response to feeling the chilly metal scale against his body. Although seemingly helpless, Oscar is born with powerful capacities for adapting to the world around him. In this chapter, we examine the physical capacities of infants, including their growth, brain development, and sensory and motor capacities.

      ©iStockphoto.com/FatCamera

      Learning Objectives

       4.1 Discuss growth and influences and threats to growth during infancy and toddlerhood.Video Activity 4.1: Body Proportions in Infancy and Early Childhood

       4.2 Summarize brain development during infancy and toddlerhood.

       4.3 Compare infants’ early learning capacities for habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation.

       4.4 Describe infants’ developing sensory abilities.

       4.5 Analyze the roles of maturation and contextual factors in infant and toddler motor development.Video Activity 4.2: Motor Development in Infancy

      Chapter Contents

       Body GrowthGrowth TrendsPatterns of GrowthNutrition and GrowthBreastfeedingMalnutritionHealth ThreatsGrowth FalteringSudden Infant Death SyndromeFailure to Vaccinate

       Brain Development During Infancy and ToddlerhoodThe NeuronProcesses of Neural DevelopmentThe Cerebral CortexExperience and Brain DevelopmentSleep and Brain Development

       Early Learning CapacitiesHabituationClassical ConditioningOperant