Alpine Ski Mountaineering Vol 2 - Central and Eastern Alps. Bill O'Connor

Lombardia www.regione.lombardia.itmeteonew.nsf/home/valanghe (0478) 370 77 Veneto www.arpa.veneteo.it/csvvdi/bolletino (0436) 79221 Friuli-Venezia Giulia www.regione.fvg.it/meteo/valanghe.htm 800 860 377 Meteomont service www.meteomont.sail.it/meteo/neve/htm

      Austria

      Telephone: Dial International Code (0043) followed by the number below.

Voralberg	www.voralberg.at/lawine	(05522) 1588
Salzburg	www.land-sbg.gv.at/lawinen	(0622) 1588
Oberosterreich	www.ooe.gv.at/lawinenwarndienst/	(0732) 1588
Tirol	www.larwine.at/tirol	(0512) 1588
Osttirol	www.larwine.at/tirol	(0512) 1588
Steiermark	www.larwine.at	(0316) 1588
Karnten	www.larwine.at	(0463) 1588

      Switzerland

      Dial International Code (0041) followed by number below.

All regions	www.slf.ch/avalanche/avalanche-de.html
	www.slf.ch/avalanche/avalanche-fr.html
	www.slf.ch/avalanche/avalanche-it.html	848 800 187

      KEY POINTS IN AVALANCHE AWARENESS

       Understand what causes avalanches, and learn to recognise, test and record these causes.

       Understand weather and find out about past, present and future conditions that have and are likely to influence snow stability. Snowfall, wind and temperature all influence avalanche risk.

       Appreciate the significance of slope angle and aspect to avalanche risk. Slopes between 25° and 40° are perfect for skiing on, but they also present the greatest risk.

       Be observant. Conditions on tour change fast not only from day to day but from one slope to another and even on the same slope. Look for indicators of instability.

       Ensure you are properly equipped and clothed, and that equipment is all in good working order.

       Ensure you are prepared for emergencies and have a fast and efficient procedure in place to deal with them.

       Choose your route with care, and avoid suspect slopes. Be prepared to change or abandon your route. Be aware of the danger presented by slopes above and below the one you are on.

       If you have to travel through high-risk terrain do so with care. Be prepared at all times, make everyone aware of the risks and ensure they know what's expected of them in the event of an avalanche.

       Organise your party for maximum safety. If possible let people know your route. On hut-to-hut tours this is relatively easy, as you move between huts and guardians are expecting you. If you change your plan let the guardian know. Don't simply fail to turn up at a hut where you have booked a place.

      European Avalanche Hazard Scale

      The European Avalanche Hazard Scale has been adopted throughout the Alps and is commonly used in conjunction with snow and avalanche reports. Often the degree of hazard existing at a given time is shown simply as level on a scale of 1–5 without further explanation. Understanding what the numbers mean is essential when weather reports are in a language you may not fully understand, but where a synoptic chart clearly indicates the level of hazard. The chart below provides a detailed explanation of the European Avalanche Hazard Scale.

Avalanche Accidents

      What do you do if you get caught in an avalanche? The fact is that once an avalanche has been triggered, unless it really is minor it is almost impossible to do anything. Things happen very fast, and you need a fair amount of luck if you are caught in one. Call out to alert your companions and try to outrun it or ski off to the side of the avalanche if possible.

      If you are caught:

       try to release your bindings

       release your ski poles

       try to stay on top of the snow by adopting a swimming or rolling motion

       before you are buried pull your knees up to your chest and cover your face in an attempt to create an air pocket

       if you can thrust a hand up and out of the snow do so

       try not to panic

       pray.

      If you are looking on:

       keep an eye on the victim/s for as long as possible

       point and follow the victim with your finger until they are buried – it's easy to lose track of them in a mass of moving snow

       keep pointing until the position can be marked with a ski pole. This will speed up the search.

      The Search

       Appoint a search leader.

       Stay calm.

       Assess the whole situation and ensure the safety of the rest of the party. Visually scour the avalanche to see if you can see the victim/s – they may re-emerge lower down the slope. They may only be partially buried, in which case there's no need to instigate a transceiver search.

       Organise the search based on observed facts, number buried, vanishing points and terrain.

       Begin the search as soon as possible. Eyes and ears as well as transceivers should be used.

       Switch off transceivers not in use if it is safe to do so.

       Maintain a controlled search pattern. Don't give up – despite the statistics victims have been recovered alive after very long periods of burial. Ensure a total and thorough search of the area. The victim may not be in the obvious deposition zone.

       Alert rescue services. They may be needed to evacuate victims, give medical help or search.

      Immediate Response to Victims

      Adequate primary care requires correct training in first aid. Ideally everyone should have this.

       Free the head and chest of the buried victim as soon as possible.

       Ensure they can and are breathing.

       If not give artificial respiration (CPR). Continue resuscitation until medical help arrives.

       Lay the person down correctly.

       Treat injuries where possible.

       Protect from further loss of body heat.

       Continue to observe the victim