Henley's Twentieth Century Formulas, Recipes and Processes. Various

22.0 — — Vienna 60.0 20.0 20.0 — — Berlin 54.0 28.0 18.0 — — Berlin 55.5 29.1 17.5 — — English 63.34 17.01 19.13 — — English 62.40 22.15 15.05 — — English 62.63 26.05 10.85 — — English 57.40 25. 13.0 — 3.0 Chinese 26.3 36.8 36.8 — — Chinese 43.8 40.6 15.6 — — Chinese 45.7 36.9 17.9 — — Chinese 40.4 25.4 31.6 — 2.6 Castings 48.5 24.3 24.3 2.9 — Castings 54.5 21.8 21.8 1.9 — Castings 58.3 19.4 19.4 2.9 — Castings 57.8 27.1 14.3 0.8 — Castings 57. 20.0 20.0 3.0 —

      In some kinds of German silver are found varying quantities of iron, manganese, tin, and very frequently lead, added for the purpose of changing the properties of the alloy or cheapening the cost of production. But all these metals have a detrimental rather than a beneficial effect upon the general character of the alloy, and especially lessen its power of resistance to the action of dilute acids, one of its most valuable properties. Lead makes it more fusible; tin acts somewhat as in bronze, making it denser and more resonant, and enabling it to take a higher polish. With iron or manganese the alloy is whiter, but it becomes at the same time more refractory and its tendency toward brittleness is increased.

      Substitutes For German Silver.

      There are many formulas for alloys which claim to be substitutes for German silver; but no one of them has yet become an article of general commerce. It will be sufficient to note these materials briefly, giving the composition of the most important.

      Nickel Bronze.

      —This is prepared by fusing together very highly purified nickel (99.5 per cent) with copper, tin, and zinc. A bronze is produced containing 20 per cent of nickel, light-colored and very hard.

      Bismuth Bronze.—

	I	II	III	IV
Copper	25.0	45.0	69.0	47.0
Nickel	24.0	32.5	10.0	30.9
Antimony	50.0	—	—	—
Bismuth	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.1
Tin	—	16.0	15.0	1.0
Zinc	—	21.5	20.0	21.0
Aluminum	—	—	1.0	—

      I is hard and very lustrous, suitable for lamp reflectors and axle bearings; II is hard, resonant, and not affected by sea water, for parts of ships, pipes, telegraph wires, and piano strings; III and IV are for cups, spoons, etc.

      Manganese Argentan.—

Copper	52 to 50 parts
Nickel	17 to 15 parts
Zinc	5 to 10 parts
Manganese	1 to 5 parts
Copper, with 15 per cent phosphorus.	3 to 5 parts

      Readily cast for objects of art.

      Aphtite.—