The Code Book: The Secret History of Codes and Code-breaking. Simon Singh

upon the subject in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate ciphers’. The most famous of Holmes’s decipherments is told in The Adventure of the Dancing Men, which involves a cipher consisting of stickmen, each pose representing a distinct letter.

      On the other side of the Atlantic, Edgar Allan Poe was also developing an interest in cryptanalysis. Writing for Philadelphia’s Alexander Weekly Messenger, he issued a challenge to readers, claiming that he could decipher any monoalphabetic substitution cipher. Hundreds of readers sent in their ciphertexts, and he successfully deciphered them all. Although this required nothing more than frequency analysis, Poe’s readers were astonished by his achievements. One adoring fan proclaimed him ‘the most profound and skilful cryptographer who ever lived’.

      Figure 19 A section of the ciphertext from The Adventure of the Dancing Men, a Sherlock Holmes adventure by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

      In 1843, keen to exploit the interest he had generated, Poe wrote a short story about ciphers, which is widely acknowledged by professional cryptographers to be the finest piece of fictional literature on the subject. The Gold Bug tells the story of William Legrand, who discovers an unusual beetle, the gold bug, and collects it using a scrap of paper lying nearby. That evening he sketches the gold bug upon the same piece of paper, and then holds his drawing up to the light of the fire to check its accuracy. However, his sketch is obliterated by an invisible ink, which has been developed by the heat of the flames. Legrand examines the characters that have emerged and becomes convinced that he has in his hands the encrypted directions for finding Captain Kidd’s treasure. The remainder of the story is a classic demonstration of frequency analysis, resulting in the decipherment of Captain Kidd’s clues and the discovery of his buried treasure.

      Although The Gold Bug is pure fiction, there is a true nineteenth-century story containing many of the same elements. The case of the Beale ciphers involves Wild West escapades, a cowboy who amassed a vast fortune, a buried treasure worth $20 million and a mysterious set of encrypted papers describing its whereabouts. Much of what we know about this story, including the encrypted papers, is contained in a pamphlet published in 1885. Although only 23 pages long, the pamphlet has baffled generations of cryptanalysts and captivated hundreds of treasure hunters.

      The story begins at the Washington Hotel in Lynchburg, Virginia, sixty-five years before the publication of the pamphlet. According to the pamphlet, the hotel and its owner, Robert Morriss, were held in high regard: ‘His kind disposition, strict probity, excellent management, and well ordered household, soon rendered him famous as a host, and his reputation extended even to other States. His was the house par excellence of the town, and no fashionable assemblages met at any other.’ In January 1820 a stranger by the name of Thomas J. Beale rode into Lynchburg and checked into the Washington Hotel. ‘In person, he was about six feet in height’, recalled Morriss, ‘with jet black eyes and hair of the same color, worn longer than was the style at the time. His form was symmetrical, and gave evidence of unusual strength and activity; but his distinguishing feature was a dark and swarthy complexion, as if much exposure to the sun and weather had thoroughly tanned and discolored him; this, however, did not detract from his appearance, and I thought him the handsomest man I had ever seen.’ Although Beale spent the rest of the winter with Morriss and was ‘extremely popular with every one, particularly the ladies,’ he never spoke about his background, his family or the purpose of his visit. Then, at the end of March, he left as suddenly as he had arrived.

      Figure 20 The title page of The Beale Papers, the pamphlet that contains all that we know about the mystery of the Beale treasure.

       The Beale Treasure – History of a Mystery by Peter Viemeister.

      Two years later, in January 1822, Beale returned to the Washington Hotel, ‘darker and swarthier than ever’. Once again, he spent the rest of the winter in Lynchburg and disappeared in the spring, but not before he entrusted Morriss with a locked iron box, which he said contained ‘papers of value and importance’. Morriss placed the box in a safe, and thought nothing more about it and its contents until he received a letter from Beale, dated 9 May 1822 and sent from St Louis. After a few pleasantries and a paragraph about an intended trip to the plains ‘to hunt the buffalo and encounter the savage grizzlies’, Beale’s letter revealed the significance of the box:

      It contains papers vitally affecting the fortunes of myself and many others engaged in business with me, and in the event of my death, its loss might be irreparable. You will, therefore, see the necessity of guarding it with vigilance and care to prevent so great a catastrophe. Should none of us ever return you will please preserve carefully the box for the period of ten years from the date of this letter, and if I, or no one with authority from me, during that time demands its restoration, you will open it, which can be done by removing the lock. You will find, in addition to the papers addressed to you, other papers which will be unintelligible without the aid of a key to assist you. Such a key I have left in the hand of a friend in this place, sealed and addressed to yourself, and endorsed not to be delivered until June 1832. By means of this you will understand fully all you will be required to do.

      Morriss dutifully continued to guard the box, waiting for Beale to collect it, but the swarthy man of mystery never returned to Lynchburg. He disappeared without explanation, never to be seen again. Ten years later, Morriss could have followed the letter’s instructions and opened the box, but he seems to have been reluctant to break the lock. Beale’s letter had mentioned that a note would be sent to Morriss in June 1832, and this was supposed to explain how to decipher the contents of the box. However, the note never arrived, and perhaps Morriss felt that there was no point opening the box if he could not decipher what was inside it. Eventually, in 1845, Morriss’s curiosity got the better of him and he cracked open the lock. The box contained three sheets of enciphered characters, and a note written by Beale in plain English.

      The intriguing note revealed the truth about Beale, the box, and the ciphers. It explained that in April 1817, almost three years before his first meeting with Morriss, Beale and 29 others had embarked on a journey across America. After travelling through the rich hunting grounds of the Western plains, they arrived in Santa Fé, and spent the winter in the ‘little Mexican town’. In March they headed north and began tracking an ‘immense herd of buffaloes’, picking off as many as possible along the way. Then, according to Beale, they struck lucky:

      One day, while following them, the party encamped in a small ravine, some 250 or 300 miles north of Santa Fé, and, with their horses tethered, were preparing their evening meal, when one of the men discovered in a cleft of the rocks something that had the appearance of gold. Upon showing it to the others it was pronounced to be gold, and much excitement was the natural consequence.

      The letter went on to explain that Beale and his men, with help from the local tribe, mined the site for the next eighteen months, by which time they had accumulated a large quantity of gold, as well as some silver which was found nearby. In due course they agreed that their new-found wealth should be moved to a secure place, and decided to take it back home to Virginia, where they would hide it in a secret location. In 1820, Beale travelled to Lynchburg with the gold and silver, found a suitable location, and buried it. It was on this occasion that he first lodged at the Washington Hotel and made the acquaintance of Morriss. When Beale left at the end of the winter, he rejoined his men who had continued to work the mine during his absence.

      After another eighteen months Beale revisited Lynchburg with even more to add to his stash. This time there was an additional reason for his trip:

      Before leaving my companions on the plains it was suggested that, in case of an accident to ourselves, the treasure so concealed would be lost to their relatives, without some provision against such a contingency. I was, therefore, instructed to select some perfectly reliable person, if such could be found, who should, in the event of this proving acceptable to the party, be confided in to carry out their wishes in regard to their respective shares.

      Beale believed that Morriss was a man of integrity, which is why he trusted him with the box containing