Sources ecosociology. Series: «Ecosociology». I. P. Kulyasov

existence of the ecological movement until the emergence of college-based “nature protection squads” in the early 1970s. The All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation, which began its activities in 1924, and local eco-groups are discarded as they never opposed the idea of extensive economic development. However, if we recall the structure and history of Western environmentalism described above, we will see that the nature conservation initiative is only a part of the ecological movement.

      The Third All-Union Conference on Environmental Education, held in Kazan’ in 1990, formulated the task of establishing a system of continuous ecological education. The conference prepared the document titled “Environmental program for the 13^th five year period and until the year 2005”, elaborated pursuant to the USSR Supreme Soviet resolution “On urgent measures relating to the country’s ecological recovery” (№829—1 of 27.11.1989). It provided for introduction of universal ecological training, organization of systematic environmental education for various population categories, establishing environmental information-support centers at universities and research institutes. That marked the end of the Soviet period of the ecological movement.

      A strong momentum for further development of Russian ecosociology in the 1980s was given by the Chernobyl’ accident and the increasingly frequent local ecological disasters, which intensified ecological concern and then grew into protests staged by the environmental movement with the support of the public. The greatest concern was voiced by experts who were able to draw the authority’s attention to the discovered ecological problems and risks via ecological councils, simultaneously raising public awareness through publications in the media.

      The population and all other participants of the process, satisfying themselves, though direct perception of ecological problems, that the experts were right, were then trying to influence decision-makers to change the situation for the better. In this, they were hampered by the state system and social institutes. In response, they initiated a program of collective action comprising protest rallies, demonstrations, actions of resistance, protest letters, denunciatory publications and public speeches, establishing of new parties and eco-political movements. In parallel with that, another part of the environmental movement was peacefully clearing streets from garbage in spring, planting trees and flowers and teaching children to love nature. A study of the ideas, values, discourse and practices promulgated by these movements provides a good opportunity for extending the understanding of the socio-ecological reality.

      Примечания

      1

      Spencer H. Social statics. 1851.; The study of sociology. 1872.; Descriptive sociology. 1873—1881.

      2

      Schaffle A.E.F. Bau und leben des sozialen körpers. 1875—1878. (in German)

      3

      Worms R. De natura et methodo sociologiae. Lutetiae Parisiorum: V. Giard et E. Brière. 1896. 102 p.; Organisme et société. Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière. 1896. 412 p. (all in Latin)

      4

      Malthus T.R. Essay on the principle of population. 1798.

      5

      Darwin Ch. R. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. 1859.

      6

      Spencer H. Progress: Its law and cause. Chapman’s Westminster Review. 1857.

      7

      Buckle H.T. History of civilization in England. 1857—1861.

      8

      In the early 2000s, Sierra Club and its local branches unite more than half a million members and enjoy the support of an even greater number of volunteers, the media, experts and lawyers, as well as of municipalities, the government and its bodies in charge of environment protection.

      9

      Kulyasov I.P. Environmental movement. Series “Ecosociology”. Russia: Publishing Solution. 2016. 286 p. (in Russian)

      10

      Clements F.E. Nature and structure of the climax // Journal of Ecology. 1936. Vol. 24. №1. p. 252—284.

      11

      Leopold A. A sand county almanach and sketches here and there. New York: Oxford University Press. 1949. Vol. 13. 240 p.

      12

      Mead G.H. Mind, self and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. 1934.; The philosophy of the act. Ed. C. Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1938.

      13

      Dewey J. Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. New York: Macmillan. 1916.; Human nature and conduct: An introduction to social psychology. New York: Holt. 1922.; Experience and nature. Chicago. 1925.; Logic: The theory of inquiry. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston. 1938.

      14

      McKenzie R.D., Park R.E., Burgess E.W. The city. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1967.

      15

      Park R.E. Human nature and collective behavior // American Journal Sociology. 1927. Vol. 32. №5. p. 695—703.; Human ecology // American Journal Sociology. 1936. Vol. 42. №1. p

Примечания

1

Spencer H. Social statics. 1851.; The study of sociology. 1872.; Descriptive sociology. 1873—1881.

2

Schaffle A.E.F. Bau und leben des sozialen körpers. 1875—1878. (in German)

3

Worms R. De natura et methodo sociologiae. Lutetiae Parisiorum: V. Giard et E. Brière. 1896. 102 p.; Organisme et société. Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière. 1896. 412 p. (all in Latin)

4

Malthus T.R. Essay on the principle of population. 1798.

5

Darwin Ch. R. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. 1859.

6

Spencer H. Progress: Its law and cause. Chapman’s Westminster Review. 1857.

7

Buckle H.T. History of civilization in England. 1857—1861.