25 Questions on Initiative Budgeting: manual. Коллектив авторов

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      IB is a set of diverse practice based on the citizens’ initiative to address issues of local importance with the direct participation of citizens in determining and selecting objects for spending budgetary funds, as well as subsequent monitoring of the implementation of selected projects.

      At the same time, IB is a mechanism for determining priorities in spending budgetary funds with the participation of initiative groups of citizens.

      Currently, in many countries, projects that meet the criteria for initiative budgeting are being implemented. The most important features include, in particular:

      • participation of citizens at all stages of project implementation;

      • distribution of funds of municipal and state budgets;

      • regularity and annual repeatability of projects;

      • public reporting on the implementation of projects.

      Initiative budgeting is a part of the worldwide trend of increasing the scale of participation of territorial communities in determining the ways to develop their own settlements. In the EU countries, this phenomenon was called Community-led Development (CLD).

      In each country, the involvement of citizens takes place in different ways, but everywhere the main goal is the participation of citizens in the decisionmaking process. This is especially important when decisions directly affect regional communities.

      It is obvious that people are much more aware of the majority of problems of their settlements and, of course, the choice of citizens is more justified than the decision of the authorities. Unfortunately, the choice of authorities, without its discussion and approval by citizens, often leads to mutual rejection and growing hostility.

      Question 2

      How does initiative budgeting begin?

      Initiative budgeting is the Russian version of the well-known participatory budgeting (PB), participation of citizens in budget decisions, which appeared in the late 1980s in Brazil. The emergence of PB practice was a response to the need for joint work of citizens and representatives of the authorities in solving urban problems. The emergence of PB became possible due to a combination of factors, such as the political will of the new government, its desire for democratization and the availability of support from below, from citizens willing to change the situation in their settlements.

      Porto Alegre, a million city, the capital of the most southerly state of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, became a springboard for the implementation of the first major PB experiment. It is this most important administrative center of the region which is considered to be the starting point of the history of participatory budgeting. Porto Alegre found itself in the forefront of the progressive trend for a reason. The new left wing of the local government has shown itself to be strong enough to take advantage of the opened opportunities and organize the PB process. The catalyst was the oncoming urban movement from below by civil society.

      The economic and social context of the reforms was similar to the situation in other large cities in Brazil. Port Alegre had a third of the population living in slums with limited access to clean water, sanitation, hospitals and schools. Reforms started in 1989 were aimed at overcoming these very acute problems. The PB became one of the mechanisms for their implementation. In 1989–2004, the PB practice was sufficiently entrenched and institutionalized.

      Since the experience of Porto Alegre was successful, it began to replicate. At first it happened inside Brazil, and then it was transferred to other countries of Latin America. In 1996, at the UN Habitat conference in Istanbul, the PB was recognized at the international level as one of the best social practices. The following years were marked by active dissemination of practice in different countries.

      IB Practices in the World

      Reference

      Brief History of the Development of Participatory Budgeting (PB) in the World over the Past More than 25 Years

      The history of the emergence and evolution of PB around the world can be represented in five consecutive stages:

      • The first stage includes the 1989 and 1997 experiments in Porto Alegre (Brazil) and Montevideo (Uruguay). It partially coincides with the terms of office of the two governments in Brazil in 1989–1992 and 1993–1996, when more than 30 municipalities launched their PB experiments. Rapid urbanization and an increase in the number of poor urban population, which was not provided with the necessary infrastructure, contributed to the emergence of PB. At the same time, there was a liberalization of the political trend in Brazil, which opened the window for reforms.

      • The second stage coincides in time with the term of office of the next Brazilian government in 1997–2000, during which more than 140 municipalities began to implement the PB methodology, although with significant differences.

      • The third phase began after the 2000s, when PB experiments began to be conducted outside of Brazil in various Latin American and European cities. Their initiators were inspired by the successful example of Porto Alegre and tried to implement something similar adapting the methodology to the realities of their locality. Appearing as an initiative of the left parties, the PB was recognized as an effective “good governance” practice and was widely distributed in isolation from the left ideology.

      • The fourth stage began in 2007–2008 along with a new trend: there were PB professional communities in Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Spain and Germany. There were initiatives such as the Chilean PB Forum, the Portuguese Participatory Budget Initiative, the British PB Unit, the American Participatory Budgeting Project and others. A distinctive feature of this stage is the formation of experts and organizations having PB knowledge.

      • The fifth stage is related to the integration of PB practices into more complex systems of citizens’ engagement. Most likely, this trend will intensify in the coming years.

      According to different estimates, as of 2012, more than 2,000 PB projects have been implemented worldwide with 40 to 50 % of all projects being implemented in Latin America.

      Question 3

      What is Initiative Budgeting Practice?

      The IB practice is a program implemented within the framework of one region of the Russian Federation aimed at involving citizens in the budget process and participation of citizens in budget decisions. In other words, it is activities similar in their program and design, aimed at addressing issues of local importance, with the help of allocated budgetary funds for this purpose.

      The most famous practices of initiative budgeting in Russia are: the World Bank Local Initiative Support Program (PPMI), Participatory Budgeting(European University in Conjunction with the Committee of Civil Initiatives [CCI]), People’s Budget, and People’s Initiative in various regions of Russia.

      The PPMI has been implemented in Russia since 2007 and is recognized as one of the best social programs of the World Bank. Within the framework of the program, about 4000 projects have been implemented in eight regions of the Russian Federation: the Stavropol Territory, the Kirov, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod Regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Khabarovsk Territory, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, and the Jewish Autonomous Region.

      The distinctive features of this practice are the participation of citizens in the selection of priority projects, the implementation and monitoring of projects, co-financing.

      Participatory budgeting works in several municipalities of the Leningrad, Vologda, and Kirov Regions. Unlike PPMI, this practice does not imply the co-financing of projects by citizens. Members of budget commissions selected by drawing lots among interested citizens discuss which decisions have a priority to be implemented.

      People’s Budget and People’s Initiative (s) are programs initiated by the All-Russian Political Party “Edinaya Rossia” (United Russia) and the National Front (ONF) during the 2010–2011 elections. Dozens of Russian regions declared their participation. More than 80 billion rubles were allocated within the framework of these practices. Unfortunately, these practices did not develop in the following years, and most of the regional programs were closed.

      Currently