Æschylos Tragedies and Fragments. Aeschylus

found a way of secret, hasty flight,

      It was ordained that all should lose their heads.35

      Such things he spake from soul o'erwrought with pride,

      For he knew not what fate the Gods would send;

      And they, not mutinous, but prompt to serve,

      Then made their supper ready, and each sailor

      Fastened his oar around true-fitting thole;

      And when the sunlight vanished, and the night

      Had come, then each man, master of an oar,

      Went to his ship, and all men bearing arms,

      And through the long ships rank cheered loud to rank;

      And so they sail, as 'twas appointed each,

      And all night long the captains of the fleet

      Kept their men working, rowing to and fro;

      Night then came on, and the Hellenic host

      In no wise sought to take to secret flight.

      And when day, bright to look on with white steeds,

      O'erspread the earth, then rose from the Hellenes

      Loud chant of cry of battle, and forthwith

      Echo gave answer from each island rock;

      And terror then on all the Persians fell,

      Of fond hopes disappointed. Not in flight

      The Hellenes then their solemn pæans sang:

      But with brave spirit hasting on to battle.

      With martial sound the trumpet fired those ranks;

      And straight with sweep of oars that flew through foam,

      They smote the loud waves at the boatswain's call;

      And swiftly all were manifest to sight.

      Then first their right wing moved in order meet;36

      Next the whole line its forward course began,

      And all at once we heard a mighty shout, —

      “O sons of Hellenes, forward, free your country;

      Free too your wives, your children, and the shrines

      Built to your fathers' Gods, and holy tombs

      Your ancestors now rest in. Now the fight

      Is for our all.” And on our side indeed

      Arose in answer din of Persian speech,

      And time to wait was over; ship on ship

      Dashed its bronze-pointed beak, and first a barque

      Of Hellas did the encounter fierce begin,37

      And from Phœnikian vessel crashes off

      Her carved prow. And each against his neighbour

      Steers his own ship: and first the mighty flood

      Of Persian host held out. But when the ships

      Were crowded in the straits,38 nor could they give

      Help to each other, they with mutual shocks,

      With beaks of bronze went crushing each the other,

      Shivering their rowers' benches. And the ships

      Of Hellas, with manœuvring not unskilful,

      Charged circling round them. And the hulls of ships

      Floated capsized, nor could the sea be seen,

      Strown, as it was, with wrecks and carcases;

      And all the shores and rocks were full of corpses.

      And every ship was wildly rowed in fight,

      All that composed the Persian armament.

      And they, as men spear tunnies,39 or a haul

      Of other fishes, with the shafts of oars,

      Or spars of wrecks went smiting, cleaving down;

      And bitter groans and wailings overspread

      The wide sea-waves, till eye of swarthy night

      Bade it all cease: and for the mass of ills,

      Not, though my tale should run for ten full days,

      Could I in full recount them. Be assured

      That never yet so great a multitude

      Died in a single day as died in this.

      Atoss. Ah, me! Great then the sea of ills that breaks

      On Persia and the whole barbaric host.

      Mess. Be sure our evil fate is but half o'er:

      On this has supervened such bulk of woe,

      As more than twice to outweigh what I've told.

      Atoss. And yet what fortune could be worse than this?

      Say, what is this disaster which thou tell'st,

      That turns the scale to greater evils still?

      Mess. Those Persians that were in the bloom of life,

      Bravest in heart and noblest in their blood,

      And by the king himself deemed worthiest trust,

      Basely and by most shameful death have died.

      Atoss. Ah! woe is me, my friends, for our ill fate!

      What was the death by which thou say'st they perished?

      Mess. There is an isle that lies off Salamis,40

      Small, with bad anchorage for ships, where Pan,

      Pan the dance-loving, haunts the sea-washed coast.

      There Xerxes sends these men, that when their foes,

      Being wrecked, should to the islands safely swim,

      They might with ease destroy th' Hellenic host,

      And save their friends from out the deep sea's paths;

      But ill the future guessing: for when God

      Gave the Hellenes the glory of the battle,

      In that same hour, with arms well wrought in bronze

      Shielding their bodies, from their ships they leapt,

      And the whole isle encircled, so that we

      Were sore distressed,41 and knew not where to turn;

      For here men's hands hurled many a stone at them;

      And there the arrows from the archer's bow

      Smote and destroyed them; and with one great rush,

      At last advancing, they upon them dash

      And smite, and hew the limbs of these poor wretches,

      Till they each foe had utterly destroyed.

      [And Xerxes when he saw how deep the ill,42

      Groaned out aloud, for he had ta'en his seat,

      With clear, wide view of all the army round,

      On a high cliff hard by the open sea;

      And tearing then his robes with bitter cry,

      And giving orders to his troops on shore,

      He sends them off in foul retreat. This grief

      'Tis thine to mourn besides the former ills.]

      Atoss.

35

The Greeks never beheaded their criminals, and the punishment is mentioned as being specially characteristic of the barbaric Persians.

36

The Æginetans and Megarians, according to the account preserved by Diodoros (xi. 18), or the Lacedæmonians, according to Herodotos (viii. 65).

37

This may be meant to refer to the achievements of Ameinias of Pallene, who appears in the traditional life of Œschylos as his youngest brother.

38

Sc., in Herod. viii. 60, the strait between Salamis and the mainland.

39

Tunny-fishing has always been prominent in the occupations on the Mediterranean coasts, and the sailors who formed so large a part of every Athenian audience would be familiar with the process here described, of striking or harpooning them. Aristophanes (Wasps, 1087) coins (or uses) the word “to tunny” (θυννάζω) to express the act. Comp. Herod. i. 62.

40

Sc., Psyttaleia, lying between Salamis and the mainland. Pausanias (i. 36-82) describes it in his time as having no artistic shrine or statue, but full everywhere of roughly carved images of Pan, to whom the island was sacred. It lay just opposite the entrance to the Peiræos. The connexion of Pan with Salamis and its adjacent islands seems implied in Sophocles, Aias, 695.

41

The manœuvre was, we learn from Herodotos (viii. 95), the work of Aristeides, the personal friend of Æschylos, and the statesman with whose policy he had most sympathy.

42

The lines are noted as probably a spurious addition, by a weaker hand, to the text, as introducing surplusage, as inconsistent with Herodotos, and as faulty in their metrical structure.