Poly(lactic acid). Группа авторов

15.5 PLASTIC FOAMS EXPANDED WITH PHYSICAL FOAMING AGENTS 15.6 PLA FOAMED WITH CHEMICAL FOAMING AGENTS 15.7 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLA FOAMS 15.8 FOAMING OF PLA/STARCH AND OTHER BLENDS REFERENCES 16 COMPOSITES 16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.2 PLA MATRIX 16.3 REINFORCEMENTS 16.4 NANOCOMPOSITES 16.5 SURFACE MODIFICATION 16.6 PROCESSING 16.7 PROPERTIES 16.8 APPLICATIONS 16.9 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES 17 NANOCOMPOSITES 17.1 INTRODUCTION 17.2 NANOCLAY‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.3 CARBON‐NANOTUBES‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.4 GRAPHENE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.5 NANOCELLULOSE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.6 OTHER NANOPARTICLE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES 17.7 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLA‐BASED NANOCOMPOSITES 17.8 POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES 18 MECHANISM OF FIBER STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN MELT SPINNING OF PLA 18.1 INTRODUCTION‐FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN POLYMER PROCESSING 18.2 HIGH‐SPEED MELT SPINNING OF PLLAs WITH DIFFERENT D‐LACTIC ACID CONTENT 18.3 HIGH‐SPEED MELT‐SPINNING OF RACEMIC MIXTURE OF PLLA AND PDLA 18.4 BICOMPONENT MELT SPINNING OF PLLA AND PDLA 18.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES

      12  PART IV: DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, AND END OF LIFE 19 PHOTODEGRADATION AND RADIATION DEGRADATION 19.1 INTRODUCTION 19.2 MECHANISMS OF PHOTODEGRADATION 19.3 MECHANISM OF RADIATION DEGRADATION 19.4 PHOTODEGRADATION OF PLA 19.5 RADIATION DEGRADATION OF PLA 19.6 IRRADIATION EFFECTS ON BIODEGRADABILITY 19.7 MODIFICATION AND COMPOSITES OF PLA REFERENCES 20 THERMAL DEGRADATION 20.1 INTRODUCTION 20.2 THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF PLLA BASED ON WEIGHT LOSS 20.3 KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THERMAL DEGRADATION 20.4 KINETIC ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR 20.5 THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF PLA STEREOCOMPLEX: scPLA 20.6 CONTROL OF RACEMIZATION 20.7 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 21 HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.1 INTRODUCTION 21.2 DEGRADATION MECHANISM 21.3 PARAMETERS FOR HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.4 STRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES DURING HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.5 APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.6 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 22 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION 22.1 INTRODUCTION 22.2 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF PLA FILMS 22.3 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF THIN FILMS 22.4 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF LAMELLAR CRYSTALS 22.5 RECENT ADVANCES IN CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYMES THAT DEGRADE PLAs INCLUDING PDLA AND RELATED COPOLYMERS 22.6 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES REFERENCES 23 ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF POLY (LACTIC ACID) 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO LCA AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTS 23.2 LIFE CYCLE CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLA 23.3 REVIEW OF BIOPOLYMER LCA STUDIES 23.4