Psalms Through the Centuries, Volume 3. Susan Gillingham

Theological StudiesHUCA Hebrew Union College AnnualJANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern SocietyJBLJournal of Biblical LiteratureJHSJournal of Hebrew Scriptures JQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJSNTSupJournal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the Study of the Old TestamentJSOTSupJournal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement SeriesJTSJournal of Theological StudiesKATKommentar zum Alten TestamentKHATKonkordanz zum Hebräischen Alten TestaementsLCCThe Library of Christian Classics (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1953–1966; 26 vols.)LHBOTSThe Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament StudiesLNTSLibrary of New Testament StudiesMusicLettMusic and LettersNCBNew Century Bible CommentaryNICOTNew International Commentary on the Old TestamentNPNFA Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Church (eds. P. Schaff et al., Buffalo: The Christian Literature Company, 1886. 14 vols.NTSNew Testament StudiesNRSV New Revised Standard VersionOBOOrbis biblicus et orientalisOECSOxford Early Christian StudiesOrChrAnOrientalia Christiana AnalectaOTE Old Testament Essays. (The Old Testament Society of Southern Africa [OTSSA])OtSt Oudtestamentische StudiënPGPatrologiae cursus completus. Series Graeca. Ed. J.-P. Migne. Paris: Migne, 1857–1886. 166 vols.PIBAThe Proceedings of the Irish Biblical AssociationPLPatrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Ed. J.-P. Migne. Paris: Migne, 1844–1864. 221 vols.POGThe Proof of the Gospel. Eusebius. 2 vols. Trans. W. J. Ferrar. London: SPCK, 1920.RBRevue BibliqueRES The Review of English StudiesRevQRevue de QumranSBBStuttgarter biblische BeiträgeSBLDSSociety of Biblical Literature Dissertation SeriesSBLMSSociety of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSCSSociety of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate StudiesSJTScottish Journal of TheologySNTSchriften des Neuen TestamentsStBibLitStudies in Biblical LiteratureSTDJStudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahSTSAStudi e testo di storia anticaStPat Studia PatristicaStTh Studia TheologicaSymSSBL Symposium SeriesTGUOSTransactions of the Glasgow University Oriental SocietyTNTCTyndale New Testament CommentariesThLZ Theologische LiteraturzeitungTSTheological StudiesTUTexte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen LiteraturUCOPUniversity of Cambridge Oriental PublicationsVTVetus TestamentumVTSupSupplements to Vetus TestamentumWBCWord Biblical CommentaryWGRWWritings from the Greco-Roman World. Ed. R. F. Hock. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2001-.WSAWorks of St. Augustine: A Translation for the Twenty-First Century. Ed. J. E. Rotelle. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 1995–WTJWestminster Theological JournalWUNTWissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentYJSYale Judaica SeriesZAWZeitschrift für die alttestamentliche WissenschaftZThKZeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche

      Abbreviations of Greek and Latin Works

Justin Martyr	1 Apol.	First Apology
	Dial.	Dialogue with Trypho
Augustine of Hippo	Enarrat. Ps.	Enarrationes in Psalmos/ Expositions on the Psalms
	Civ.	The City of God
	Conf.	Confessions
Origen	Sel. Ps.	Selection from the Psalms
Cassiodorus	Exp. Ps.	Expositio psalmorum/ Explanation of the Psalms
Theodoret	Com. Ps.	Commentary on the Psalms
Eusebius	Com. Ps.	Commentary on the Psalms
Basil	Hom. Ps.	Homilies on the Psalms
Jerome	Tract. Ps.	Tractus in Psalmos
Ambrose	Exp in Ps	Explanations of Psalms
Athanasius	Interp. Ps.	Interpretation of the Psalms

      Abbreviations of Talmudic and Mishnaic Works

Avot.	Pirkei Avot
Ber.	b.Berakhot
Sop.	Sopherim
Ros Has.	b.Rosh HaShanah
Sanh.	b.Sanhedrin

BOOK THREE: PSALMS 73–89 Remembering, Human and Divine

Book Three is a selection of seventeen psalms, mainly communal in tone, whose shared themes include the destruction of the temple, the dispersion of the people and the humiliation of the king. Two early crises seem to have given rise to the composition and preservation of these psalms: the defeat of the northern kingdom by Assyria (722–21 BCE), and the defeat of the southern kingdom of Judah by Babylon (597–96 and 587–86 BCE). As for their reception history, most of these psalms have been interpreted further in the light of other later crises, such as the desecration of the Temple under Antiochus Epiphanes in c. 167 BCE, the fall of Jerusalem under Titus in 70 CE, the fall of Rome in 410 CE, the fate of Jerusalem during the Crusades in 1099 CE and 1187 CE, and, later, the fate of Constantinople in 1204 CE and 1453 CE. The earliest Assyrian and Babylonian crises nevertheless left an indelible mark on these psalms: often these two invasions merge together, sometimes reflecting in part a northern Israelite experience,¹ and sometimes in part a southern Judean one.² The theme of exile dominates this entire collection—a theme which is developed further in the seventeen psalms of Book Four. But whereas some answers are offered in Book Four, here in Book Three, the questions about theodicy, almost always from the point of view of the entire people, are more prominent.³ Here the psalmists wrestle with the problems of injustice, both human and divine, alongside the importance (and problem) of memory in recalling the past, asking whether God has forgotten them because they had forgotten God.⁴

Again the process of compilation constitutes the first stage of reception. In this case, the compilers seem to have arranged Book Three as a series of questions. ‘Has God forgotten to be gracious?’, and ‘How Long, O Lord?’, and ‘Will you be angry for ever?’ emerge frequently in these psalms (see for example 77:7–9; 79:5; 80:4; 82:2; 89:46), and whenever a partial answer is given, it is overtaken by further questions in a following psalm. Two main collections are discernible here seen in the headings ‘A Psalm of Asaph’ (73–83) and ‘A Psalm of the Sons of Korah’ (84, 85 and 87). Those with less clear headings (86, 88 and 89) may have other *Korahite associations; this would explain why they have been included into these collections. The *Asaphite collection has two sub-groups of five psalms (73–77 and 79–83), with Psalm 78, a more didactic psalm, playing a pivotal role at the heart of the whole collection, reflecting on the importance of remembering God’s covenant, first with Moses and then with David. The Korahite collection comprises six psalms (counting in Psalms 86, 88 and 89 here). Psalm 89, at the very end of