Surface Displacement Measurement from Remote Sensing Images. Olivier Cavalie

4,864 Ikonos USA 681 10:30 - - 817 Quickbird-2 USA 460 10:30 93.5 97.2 1,100 SPOT-5 France 822 10:30 101.4 98.7 3,030 CBERS-2/2B China–Brazil 778 10:30 100.26 98.5 1,450 Formosat-2 Taiwan 888 9:30 - 99.14 764

Table 1.7. Past mission instrument characteristics

Satellite	Year of launch	End of life	Highest spatial resolution (m)	Panchromatic spectral range (nm)	Number of XS bands	Swath width for highest resolution (km)	Dynamic range (bits)
Landsat 5	1984	2013	30	-	11	185	-
SPOT-1	1986	2003	10	500–730	3	60	8
SPOT-2	1990	2009	10	500–730	3	60	8
SPOT-3	1993	1996	10	500–730	3	60	8
SPOT-4	1998	2013	10	510–730	4	60	8
Landsat 7	1999	-	15	520–900	7	185	8
Terra ASTER	1999	-	15	-	15	60	8
Ikonos	1999	2015	0.82	450–900	4	11.3	11
Quickbird-2	2001	2015	0.65	450–900	4	18	11
SPOT-5	2002	2015	2.5	480–710	4	60	8
CBERS-2/2B	2003,2007	2007,2010	20	510–730	4	113	-
Formosat-2	2004	2016	2	450–900	4	24	8

      In the following, some optical satellites are presented to illustrate their interest for surface displacement measurement using archive satellite imagery:

       – Landsat 5: Landsat 5 delivered Earth imaging data for nearly 29 years and set the Guinness World Record for the “longest operating Earth observation satellite”. Its longevity provides a reference for time-series analysis of the Earth.

       – SPOT-1: A commercial high-resolution optical satellite initiated by CNES in the 1970s. Since 1986, the SPOT family has taken more than 10 million high-quality images, which constitute reference data.

       – SPOT-4: The second generation of the SPOT satellites. The panchromatic band is associated with four multispectral (XS) bands at 20 m resolution. The platform is three-axis stabilized, and the viewing direction is selected with a mirror.

       – Landsat 7: This satellite, launched in 1999, is considered a high-accuracy calibrated Earth-observing satellite. Its radiometric measurements are accurate compared to the same measures made on the ground. In October 2008, the USGS made all Landsat 7 data free to the public. It led to a 60-fold increase of data downloads. The satellite is still active in 2020.

       – ASTER: The ASTER instrument on the Terra satellite creates a detailed map of land surface, and scientists have made an elevation model with this data. The first global digital elevation model (GDEM) was released to the public in 2009. It covers the polar regions and complements NASA’s SRTM. The spatial resolution of pixels of 15 m is conducive to the creation of a 30 m resolution DEM. The last version of the ASTER DEM was released in 2019. Since