Large Animal Neurology. Joe Mayhew

12.2 Interpreting asymmetry of muscles of mastication can be problema...Figure 12.3 Large animals, especially cattle that develop a jaw that does no...Figure 12.4 In the absence of other neurologic abnormalities or other eviden...Figure 12.5 This horse was also suffering from S. neurona encephalitis partl...Figure 12.6 Asymmetric temporalis (and masseter and pterygoid) muscle atroph...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Facial analgesia is evident in the bright and alert horse shown ...Figure 13.2 This case of polyneuritis involved the trigeminal nerves, and qu...Figure 13.3 Oblivious to the presence of a straw stuck in its left nasal cav...Figure 13.4 Definitive facial hypalgesia and analgesia are best detected ove...Figure 13.5 Accompanying the obvious nasal and distal facial hypalgesia to f...

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Total left facial paralysis is seen in this horse (A) suffering ...Figure 14.2 In comparison to facial weakness, these two horses (A and B) hav...Figure 14.3 Facial paralysis is seen as marked loss of facial expression and...

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Esophageal choke must be the most common cause of dysphagia in l...

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Dilation of the esophagus with regurgitation in large animals is...

      17 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 With most alert, strong large animals, it is usually very diffic...

      18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Immediately following a lightning storm, the foal shown here had...Figure 19.2 A head tilt due to neurologic disease almost always is due to ve...Figure 19.3 This horse suffered head trauma and showed classical vestibular ...

      19 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 A hypermetric gait and diffuse tremor with hypertonia of face (I...Figure 21.2 This is a simplified drawing of the gamma motor system that is v...Figure 21.3 Congenital and acquired postural deformities often defy orthoped...Figure 21.4 Fulminant, unremitting tetany exemplified by Cl. tetani intoxica...Figure 21.5 The patient shown here had sporadic, right, hemifacial myoclonia...Figure 21.6 A cluster of fascinating but baffling, idiopathic syndromes that...Figure 21.7 Horses can temporarily behave with unusual hyperflexion of a pel...Figure 21.8 Stringhalt typically is a very distinctive, dynamic clinical syn...

      20 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 These patients with evidence of cerebellar disease have lesions ...

      21 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Heavy patients that dog‐sit such as this donkey (A) usually have...Figure 23.2 The position adopted by this horse suffering from EPM typifies f...Figure 23.3 Marked tetraparesis (A) and marked paraparesis (B) in adult catt...Figure 23.4 Diagrams of the lesions seen in some of the most common diseases...

      22 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 This tetraplegic neonatal lamb (A) demonstrates poor limb and ne...Figure 24.2 A clinical diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) was m...Figure 24.3 An abrupt onset of apparent, temporary tetraparesis, paraparesis...

      23 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Sheep, goats, and pigs with lameness or with weakness of one tho...Figure 25.2 This young Jersey calf (A–C) and month‐old Thoroughbred foal (D)...Figure 25.3 This newborn calf (A) was born after an assisted delivery having...Figure 25.4 Brachial injury is most caused by trauma forcing the scapula(e) ...Figure 25.5 Examples of non‐neurologic disorders that need to be considered ...Figure 25.6 Selective and marked muscle atrophy is the hallmark of final mot...Figure 25.7 Marked atrophy of proximal limb muscles (A) can occur without an...

      24 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 A weaned black‐face lamb (A) suddenly developed ataxia and tetra...Figure 26.2 Lesions involving only final motor neurons at C₆–T₂ gray matter,...

      25 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Mild to moderate signs of involvement of the sacrocaudal spinal ...Figure 27.2 Dysfunctional tail, perineum, and sometimes urinary bladder and ...Figure 27.3 In horses, the most frequent cause of marked and of total loss o...Figure 27.4 Crushed tail head syndrome shown here affects cattle and results...

      26 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Self‐mutilation syndrome in horses (A) is an enigmatic problem t...Figure 28.2 To prevent a horse self‐mutilating, a fixed surcingle‐to‐halter ...Figure 28.3 This 11‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding (A) was presented with a 6...

      27 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Horner syndrome (see also Chapter 10) with prominent facial swea...Figure 29.2 Proximal limb perineural local anesthetic injections sometimes r...Figure 29.3 Components of the syndromes presented with cases of equine grass...

      28 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Determining the real presence and relevance of apparent back pai...Figure 30.2 Reluctance to fully bend or move the neck (A), deviations of the...Figure 30.3 This Thoroughbred mare (A) and Nubian doe (B) both suffered from...Figure 30.4 In some cases, there is compelling evidence that there truly is ...

      29 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Clinical syndromes resulting from various types of cerebellar de...Figure 31.2 Many inherited disorders have an onset of clinical signs sometim...Figure 31.3 OAAM would be one of the most encountered, nonlethal, congenital...Figure 31.4 Congenital neural deformities sometimes are associated with abno...Figure 31.5 Sacral myelodysplasia and associated vertebral anomaly occurred ...Figure 31.6 Syndromes of prominent, congenital, rigid contractures of limb a...Figure 31.7 Animals with myotonic syndromes can have prominent affected musc...

      30 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Clinical evidence of acquired, progressive brainstem disease in ...Figure 32.2 Slowly progressive lesions involving the forebrain in large anim...Figure 32.3 A 3‐month‐old cria had minimal signs of forebrain disease and mi...Figure 32.4 Chronic suppurative processes of structures around the neurocran...Figure 32.5 Bacterial and mycoplasmal otitis media and interna are common in...Figure 32.6 With acquired, progressive ataxia and paresis in any young ungul...Figure 32.7 A destructive process (circle) of bacterial discospondyitis is e...Figure 32.8 The early clinical and radiographic changes of infectious discos...Figure 32.9 Most cases of EEE (A) are fatal. Thus, in the appropriate clinic...Figure 32.10 Transmission cycle of west Nile Virus. Possibility of vertical ...Figure 32.11 Sometimes in outbreaks of congenital problems in calves associa...Figure 32.12 Tentative outline for a life cycle of Sarcocystis neurona showi...Figure 32.13 Many cases of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused b...Figure 32.14 Coenurus cerebralis is the cystic, larval stage in the intermed...Figure 32.15 Polyneuritis equi (PNE) is likely an immune‐associated inflamma...

      31 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 This 5‐week‐old Quarter Horse filly was found at pasture compuls...Figure 33.2 A common site for neural damage following blunt head trauma in h...Figure 33.3 Head trauma may cause degrees of central and more often peripher...Figure 33.4 Neurologic syndromes due to vertebral and spinal cord injury are...Figure 33.5 The strength of intervertebral discs and dorsal longitudinal lig...Figure 33.6 The cranio‐cervical region is frequently damaged with neck and h...Figure 33.7 Cattle that sustain trauma to the tail head, usually from being ...Figure 33.8 Known and suspected trauma to the proximal forelimb, especially ...Figure 33.9 One of ten dairy calves (A) affected with degrees of ataxia and ...Figure 33.10 Thermal dehorning of small ruminants, especially goat kids, can...

      32 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Horses that graze paddocks for a long time that contain Centaure...Figure 34.2 A tentative diagnosis of botulism is arrived at quickly when the...Figure 34.3 Schematic view of a motor neuron and an interacting spinal inhib...Figure 34.4 Focal