Nitric Oxide in Plants. Группа авторов

suggestions are welcome for improvements in future editions. We are very thankful to the well-versed contributors who accepted our invitation and contributed chapters despite the hardships created by the pandemic. Moreover, we extend our sincere thanks to the entire team at Wiley, especially Kerry Powell, Rebecca Ralf, and Camille Bramall, for their invaluable suggestions and constant help in accomplishing this project and its publication.

       Dr. Mohammad Abass Ahanger

       Dr. Parvaiz Ahmad

List of Contributors

      Altaf Ahmad Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India

      Muhammad Ashraf The University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

      Mehtab Muhammad Aslam Center for Plant Water Use and Nutrition Regulation College of Life Sciences Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian China

      Habib-ur-Rehman Athar Institute of Pure and Applied Biology Bhauddin Zakria University Multan Pakistan

      Ester Badiani Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali Università della Tuscia Viterbo Italy

      Maurizio Badiani Dipartimento di Agraria Università Mediterraneadi Reggio Calabria Loc. Feo di Vito Reggio Calabria Italy

      Sagar Bag Laboratory of Microbial Interaction School of Biotechnology Presidency University Kolkata West Bengal India

      Avishek Banik Laboratory of Microbial Interaction School of Biotechnology Presidency University Kolkata West Bengal India

      Renu Bhardwaj Plant Stress Physiology Lab Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab India

      Priti Chauhan Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Banasthali Vidyapith Rajasthan India

      Mario Ciaffi Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali Università della Tuscia Viterbo Italy

      Loitongbam Lorinda Devi National Institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi India

      Debjani Dutta Department of Plant Physiology Faculty of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal India

      Padmanabh Dwivedi Department of Plant Physiology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India

      Kaneez Fatima Department of Life Sciences University of Management and Technology (UMT) Johar Town Lahore Pakistan

      Abah Felix Crop Protection College Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian China

      Arajmand Frukh Department of Botany School of Chemical and Life Sciences Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India

      Shreya Gupta National Institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi India

      Asma Imran National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering – Campus Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C-PIEAS) Faisalabad Pakistan

      Yachana Jha N.V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences CVM University Vallabh Vidyanagar Nagar Anand Gujarat India

      Snehashis Karmakar Department of Plant Physiology Faculty of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal India

      Harsimran Kaur Plant Protection Division PG Department of Agriculture Khalsa College Amritsar Punjab India

      Mushtaq Ahmad Khah Department of Botany Shri JJT University Jhunjhunu Rajasthan India

      Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli Plant Protection Division PG Department of Agriculture Khalsa College Amritsar Punjab India

      Plant Stress Physiology Lab

      Department of Botanical and

      Environment Sciences

      Guru Nanak Dev University

      Amritsar

      Punjab

      India

      Asha Kumari ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan Almora Uttarakhand India

      Saima Liaqat Department of Botany School of Chemical and Life Sciences Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India

      Rayees Ahmad Mir School of Studies in Botany Jiwaji University Gwalior India

      Anupam Mondal Laboratory of Microbial Interaction School of Biotechnology Presidency University Kolkata West Bengal India

      Sananda Mondal Department of Crop Physiology Institute of Agriculture Visva-Bharati Sriniketan Birbhum West Bengal India

      Anna Rita Paolacci Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali Università della Tuscia Viterbo Italy

      Stefania Pasqualini Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Perugia Italy

      Fozia Sardar National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering – Campus Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C-PIEAS) Faisalabad Pakistan

      Iffat Shaheen College of Agriculture Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan

      Binny Sharma Department of Plant Physiology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India

      Amar Pal Singh National Institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi India

      Bansh Narayan Singh Department of Plant Physiology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India

      Agostino Sorgonà Dipartimento di Agraria Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria Loc. Feo di Vito Reggio Calabria Italy

      Muhammad Waseem Horticulture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China

      Rinukshi Wimalasekera Department of Botany Faculty of Applied Sciences University of Sri Jayewardenepura Gangodawila Nugegoda Sri Lanka

      Mobina Ulfat Department of Botany Lahore College for Women University Lahore Pakistan

Zafar Ullah Zafar Institute of Pure and Applied Biology Bhauddin Zakria University Multan Pakistan

1 Nitric Oxide: A Dynamic Signaling Molecule Under Plant Stress

       Asha Kumari1, Binny Sharma2, Bansh Narayan Singh2, and Padmanabh Dwivedi2

       1ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India

       2Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

      1.1 Introduction

      Nitrogen monoxide, often known as nitric oxide, is a physiologically active chemical that is widely used in animal and plant signaling mechanisms. In plants and animals, it is an intracellular and intercellular signaling molecule with a variety of regulatory roles. Its functions in the central nervous, cardiovascular, and immunological systems, platelet inhibition, programmed cell death, and host responses to infection, among other things, have been