Continuous Emission Monitoring. James A. Jahnke

PROCESS EMISSIONS WEIGHT RATE STANDARDS EMISSION RATE FOR COMBUSTION SOURCES: THERMAL EMISSION RATE FOR COMBUSTION SOURCES: THERMAL – F‐FACTOR APPROACH SUMMARY REFERENCES

      22  APPENDIX B: CONVERSION FACTORS AND USEFUL INFORMATION CONSTANTS IUPAC STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (STP) EPA STANDARD CONDITIONS CONVERSION EXPRESSIONS CONVERSION FACTORS

      23  INDEX

      24  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1TABLE 1‐1 Analytical Techniques Used in Continuous Emission Monitoring Syst...TABLE 1‐2 Analytical Techniques Used in Particulate Matter Continuous Emiss...

      2 Chapter 2TABLE 2‐1 Summary of New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 40 CFR 60 CEM ...TABLE 2‐2 State CEM Program OptionsTABLE 2‐3 Summary of 40 CFR 62 Monitoring Requirements for Existing Units N...TABLE 2‐4 Performance Specifications for U.S. EPA Implementing RulesTABLE 2‐5 Example Target Criteria and Agency Follow‐up Action Levels Based ...

      3 Chapter 5TABLE 5‐1 Analytical Methods Used in Extractive System Gas AnalyzersTABLE 5‐2 Electro‐Optical Techniques for the Direct Measurement of NH₃

      4 Chapter 6TABLE 6‐1 HCl Extractive and Integrated‐Path System Performance Specificati...TABLE 6‐2 Part 60 Procedure 6 Requirements for HCl CEM Systems TABLE 6‐3 Quality Control Criteria for HCL Monitoring SystemsTABLE 6‐4 Comparison of Features Between Extractive and In‐situ Systems

      5 Chapter 7TABLE 7‐1 Flow Monitoring Techniques

      6 Chapter 8TABLE 8-1 Opacity Monitor Design and Performance SpecificationsTABLE 8-2 Calibration Error Attenuator ValuesTABLE 8-3 Summary of Manufacturer’s Specifications and Requirements (shaded...TABLE 8-4 Equations for Calculating the Stack-Exit OpacityTABLE 8-5 Performance Specifications for Opacity Monitor Field Tests

      7 Chapter 9TABLE 9‐1 U.S. Continuous Particulate Monitoring RequirementsTABLE 9‐2 Instrument SpecificationsTABLE 9‐3 Correlation Specifications for Continuous Particulate Mass Monito...TABLE 9‐4 Continuous Particulate Monitoring TechniquesTABLE 9‐5 Mass Absorption Coefficients for Various CompoundsTABLE 9‐6 Summary of 40 CFR 63 BLD Monitoring RequirementsTABLE 9‐7 Limitations of the Analytical Methods

      8 Chapter 10TABLE 10‐1 U.S. EPA Part 75 Missing Data Scheme for SO₂ and CO₂ MonitorsTABLE 10‐2 Converting Emissions Data into Units of the StandardTABLE 10‐3 Effect of Averaging Period and Source Variability on Reported Em...TABLE 10‐4 Recommended Basic DAHS ScreensTABLE 10‐5 Required Contents of the EER Summary Report

      9 Chapter 11TABLE 11-1 National Documents for CEM Performance Specifications and Qualit...TABLE 11-2 Performance Specifications and Test Methods for Certifying CEM S...TABLE 11-3 Part 60 Relative Accuracy SpecificationsTABLE 11-4 Calibration Drift Specifications for Part 60TABLE 11-5 Application of Dynamic Spiking in U.S. EPA Test Methods and Perf...TABLE 11-6 t -ValuesTABLE 11-7 Part 75 CEM System Performance SpecificationsTABLE 11-8 CEM System Certification Specifications – Comparison Between Par...TABLE 11-9 International Standard Organization (ISO) StandardsTABLE 11-10 ISO Required Performance CharacteristicsTABLE 11-11 ISO Recommended Performance CharacteristicsTABLE 11-12 Type-Testing Criteria

      10 Chapter 12TABLE 12‐1 Mercury Emission Limits for U.S. Coal‐Fired Electric Generating ...TABLE 12‐2 Mercury Emission Limits for U.S. Cement PlantsTABLE 12‐3 Options for Hg CEM systems IntegrationTABLE 12‐4 Options Incorporated in the Tekran Model 3300 Continuous Mercury...TABLE 12‐5 Techniques Incorporated in the Thermo Fisher “Mercury Freedom” S...TABLE 12‐6 The Mercury Instruments and Durag SystemsTABLE 12‐7 The Sick Continuous Mercury Monitoring SystemTABLE 12‐8 Bracketing Procedure for Bracketing Procedure for Hg/HgCl₂ Gener...TABLE 12‐9 Hg Sorbent Trap Monitoring System Performance CriteriaTABLE 12‐10 Performance Specification 12B Specifications for Batch Sampling...TABLE 12‐11 Part 60 Performance Specifications for Continuous Mercury Monit...TABLE 12‐12 Part 63 EGU Performance Specifications for Hg CEM SystemsTABLE 12‐13 Performance Specification for Sorbent Trap SystemsTABLE 12‐14 Part 60 Appendix F Procedure 5 Quality Control Criteria for Hg ...TABLE 12‐15 Part 63 EGU Quality Assurance Requirements for Hg CEM Systems

      11 Chapter 13 TABLE 13‐1 Terms used for pollutants in Part 63 subpartsTABLE 13‐2 Propagation of Error in Continuous Dioxin MonitorsTABLE 13‐3 Summary of Analytical Monitoring Options for Major HAP Categorie...

      12 Chapter 14TABLE 14‐1 Global Warming Potentials for Greenhouse Gases*TABLE 14‐2 Reported Greenhouse GasesTABLE 14‐3 The Tier Approach for Reporting Annual CO₂ Emissions from Fossil...TABLE 14‐4 Emission Factors for Fossil Fuels from 40 CFR 98TABLE 14‐5 Tier 4 Applicability Conditions for the Use of CEM SystemsTABLE 14‐6 Petroleum Refinery CEM System Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Requirem...TABLE 14‐7 Petroleum Refinery Mass Balance/Emission Factor Greenhouse Gas M...TABLE 14‐8 Emission Factors for WoodTABLE 14‐9 ISO Measurement Standards

      13 Chapter 15TABLE 15‐1 Simplified Example Matrix EvaluationTABLE 15‐2 Typical Elements of a Source Testing PlanTABLE 15‐3 Outline for a CEM System QA ManualTABLE 15‐4 CEM System Technician ResponsibilitiesTABLE 15‐5 Daily Calibration Drift/Error Criteria – U.S. and CanadaTABLE 15‐6 Example Weekly CEM ChecklistTABLE 15‐7 Warning Signs for ObsolescenceTABLE 15‐8 Differences Among Standard and Certified GasesTABLE 15‐9 Required Documentation for Protocol GasesTABLE 15‐10 Out of Control Criteria for Performance Audits in the United St...TABLE 15‐11 Particulate Monitor (PM) AuditsTABLE 15‐12 Example Audit Report Table of Contents

      14 Appendix ATABLE A‐1 Typical Emission StandardsTABLE A‐2 F factors for Various Fuels^* TABLE A‐3 Summary: Common “Units of the Standard”

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1‐1 A continuous emission monitoring (CEM) system.Figure 1‐2 Types of monitoring systems.Figure 1‐3 Industry uses of CEM system data.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2‐1 CEM program elements.Figure 2‐2 Elements of a CEM rule.Figure