Magnetic Resonance Microscopy. Группа авторов

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      63 63 Swyer, I., Von Der Ecken, S., Wu, B.et al. (2019). Digital microfluidics and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for in situ diffusion measurements and reaction monitoring. Lab on a Chip 19: 641–653. doi: 10.1039/c8lc01214h.

      64 64 Hilty, C., McDonnell, E.E., Granwehr, J.et al. (2005). Microfluidic gas-flow profiling using remote-detection NMR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (42): 14960–14963. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507566102.

      65 65 Zhivonitko, V.V., Telkki, V.-V., Leppäniemi, J.et al. (2013). Remote detection NMR imaging of gas phase hydrogenation in microfluidic chips. Lab on a Chip 13 (8): 1554–1561. doi: 10.1039/c3lc41309h.

      66 66 Jiménez-Martínez, R., Kennedy, D.J., Rosenbluh, M.et al. (2014). Optical hyperpolarization and NMR detection of 129Xe on a microfluidic chip. Nature Communications 5 (1): 3908. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4908.

      67 67 Kennedy, D.J., Seltzer, S.J., Jiménez-Martínez, R.et al. (2017). An optimized microfabricated platform for the optical generation and detection of hyperpolarized 129Xe. Scientific Reports 7 (1): 43994. doi: 10.1038/srep43994.

      68 68 Kurhanewicz, J., Vigneron, D.B., Ardenkjaer-Larsen, J.et al. (2019). Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: Path to clinical translation in oncology. Neoplasia 21 (1): 1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.006.

      69 69 Jeong, S., Eskandari, R., Park, S.et al. (2017). Real-time quantitative analysis of metabolic flux in live cells using a hyper-polarized micromagnetic resonance spectrometer. Science Advances 3 (6): e1700341. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700341.

      70 70 Mompéan, M., Sánchez-Donoso, R.M., De La Hoz, A.et al. (2018). Pushing nuclear magnetic resonance sensitivity limits with microfluidics and photo-chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization. Nature Communications 9 (1): 108. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02575-0.

      71 71 Uberrück, T., Adams, M., Granwehr, J.et al.(2020). A compact X-Band ODNP spectrometer towards hyperpolarized 1H spectroscopy. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 314: 106724. doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106724.

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      Notes

      1 1 A Web of Science literature search (2 October 2020) using the Topic keywords (microfluidic or microfluidics) and (NMR or nuclear magnetic resonance) and (hyperpolarisation or hyperpolarisation) revealed 11 results. The authors are aware of an additional contribution in 2020, perhaps not yet indexed at the day of searching, yielding 12 results. An identical search but removing the microfluidics keywords yielded 1014 results.

2 Ceramic Coils for MR Microscopy

       Marine A.C. Moussu1,2, Redha Abdeddaim2, Stanislav Glybovski3, Stefan Enoch2, and Luisa Ciobanu4

      ¹ Multiwave Imaging, Marseille, France

      ² Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France

      ³ ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

      ⁴ CEA, DRF, JOLIOT, NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

      2.1 Introduction

      Conventional metallic radiofrequency (RF) coils are made of conductive materials, most often copper, and are designed to resonate at the Larmor frequency thanks to their geometry and carefully disposed lumped elements. The latter impose the coil’s intrinsic noise contributions and are responsible for power losses in the acquisition chain. In magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), the achievable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is significantly degraded by the interaction between the conductive biological sample and the electric field induced by the RF coil. The standard volumetric probe is the solenoid coil, a winding of copper wire closely holding the recipient containing the sample. When driven by current, the coil induces a strong B₁ field in the sample, along the solenoid axis, and, simultaneously, an excessive conservative electric field that limits the SNR by reducing the loaded quality factor.

      An alternative coil design, both in terms of geometry and material, is proposed with ceramic probes. High-permittivity dielectric resonators support a variety of specific field distributions at frequencies defined by the geometry and the constitutive material properties. Each eigenmode of such components is defined by its eigenfrequency and the corresponding field distribution. Developed over the past 10 years, the new generation of RF coils exploits the modal distribution of these high-permittivity dielectric resonators, typically with cylindrical shape.

      For MRM applications, the dimensions of the resonators are typically chosen to match the required field of view, and the material is selected with the specific purpose of reducing the probe’s intrinsic losses while generating a strong magnetic field in the imaged volume. More precisely, the magnetic field configuration created with dielectric resonators inside a sample can be similar to that of a solenoid probe. However, for dielectric probes the conservative electric field is removed, which helps to increase the loaded quality factor for the same field of view. The most important challenge remains to limit the noise from the probe: material losses of the dielectric need to be extremely low, which is only possible to achieve using special kinds of ceramics. In practice, the magnetic field is strongly correlated to the dielectric permittivity of the material: the higher the permittivity, the better the field confinement within the sample volume. Ceramic materials based on calcium and barium/strontium titanates, with their high permittivity values (~100) and possible low loss factors, are therefore good candidates to build dielectric probes.

So far, two eigenmodes of cylindrical resonators have been exploited for MR coils: the first transverse electric (TE) mode named TE_01δ and the first hybrid transverse mode, HEM_11δ. Both modes can be used to replace conventional volume probes. In particular, the first one mimics the solenoid field, while the second one resembles a birdcage field. For both modes, the volume where the generated magnetic field is the strongest is also where the electric field is the weakest. This feature of modal distributions is one reason why dielectric probes have the potential to outperform conventional coils, which, on the contrary, are limited