Damaging Effects of Weapons and Ammunition. Igor A. Balagansky

Figure 1.1 152‐mm fragmentation blast projectile “Grif.”Figure 1.2 152 mm active reactive FBP 3OF22.Figure 1.3 155‐mm full‐ogive shape projectile ERFB: 1 – fuze; 2 – body; 3 – ...Figure 1.4 British anti‐vehicle mine HB‐876: 1 – fragmentation shell with me...Figure 1.5 Russian antipersonnel submunition SHOAB‐0.5: 1 – shell with prefo...Figure 1.6 German hand grenade M‐DN21 (weight 225 g, fragment mass 0.45 g)....Figure 1.7 Continuous rod warhead of an antiaircraft‐guided missile and its ...Figure 1.8 Scheme of fragmentation shell throwing with detonation products....Figure 1.9 Configurations of fragments and fracture surfaces resulting from ...Figure 1.10 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 1 μs since the initiat...Figure 1.11 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 2 μs since the initiat...Figure 1.12 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 3 μs since the initiat...Figure 1.13 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 4 μs since the initiat...Figure 1.14 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 5 μs since the initiat...Figure 1.15 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 6 μs since the initiat...Figure 1.16 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 7.5 μs since the initi...Figure 1.17 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 8 μs since the initiat...Figure 1.18 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 9 μs since the initiat...Figure 1.19 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 11 μs since the initia...Figure 1.20 Configurations of flow fields at time t = 12 μs since the initia...Figure 1.21 Cylindrical shell filled with explosive.Figure 1.22 Schemes of standard cylinders: (a) closed, (b) open.Figure 1.23 Classification diagram of fragmentation quality of standard cyli...Figure 1.24 The angles θ and φ determining the law of fragment dispersion....Figure 1.25 Configurations of fragment fields (warheads of guided missiles u...Figure 1.26 Shield tests: 1 – projectile; 2 – shield; 3 – ricochet shield; 4...Figure 1.27 Scheme of a blast chamber with a catcher.Figure 1.28 Normalized histograms of fragment spectrums.Figure 1.29 Methods of controlled fragmentation of shells into fragments....Figure 1.30 Methods of regular fragmentation of shells.Figure 1.31 Fragments distribution “number by mass” integral law.Figure 1.32 Fragment distribution “number by mass” differential law.Figure 1.33 Types of distribution density at different λ (а); the relative p...Figure 1.34 Angular dispersion zone for a motionless projectile.Figure 1.35 Vector summation of fragment velocity and own projectile velocit...Figure 1.36 Fragment field on the sphere in dynamics.Figure 1.37 Dispersion of fragments after the projectile hits the ground....Figure 1.38 Formation of damaging sectors on the ground.Figure 1.39 Illustration of the problem of concordance dispersion law and th...Figure 1.40 Equivalent cylindrical shell with HE charge.Figure 1.41 The variant of the warhead C‐13 optimization for the light armor...Figure 1.42 Results of heavy fragment action on the armored plate.Figure 1.43 Armored personnel carrier after a C‐13 attack.Figure 1.44 The dependence c_x = f(V) for fragments of spherical shape.

      3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Anti‐tank projectiles for smoothbore guns: 1 – GPV‐2 fuse (BK3M) ...Figure 2.2 Anti‐tank mine M21: 1 – explosive charge; 2 – case; 3 – liner; 4 ...Figure 2.3 Structural scheme of an off‐route anti‐tank stationary mine: 1 – ...Figure 2.4 Deployment and action of an off‐route mine: 1 – mine; 2 – rear si...Figure 2.5 ATGM 9M14M of “Malyutka” complex: 1 – ballistic tip; 2 – piezoele...Figure 2.6 The PTAB‐1M anti‐tank submunition and the RBK‐500 aircraft cluste...Figure 2.7 The experiment of G.I. Pokrovsky.Figure 2.8 Hemispherical device “MZ”: 1 – hemispherical charge of HE; 2 – st...Figure 2.9 The experiments with ceramic shells: 1 – plane wave generator; 2 ...Figure 2.10 The action of HE charges on soft steel barrier: monolithic (a), ...Figure 2.11 Impulse X‐ray image of the shaped charge jet formation from a co...Figure 2.12 Penetration ability and scattering value of the jet penetration ...Figure 2.13 The scheme of a collision of two jets of incompressible fluid....Figure 2.14 Scheme of single jet collision with a perfectly smooth surface....Figure 2.15 Scheme of shaped charge jet formation process in incompressible ...Figure 2.16 Scheme of shaped charge jet formation process decomposition.Figure 2.17 Scheme of conical liner collapse process.Figure 2.18 The “reverse” cumulation mode.Figure 2.19 Scheme of the collision process of two compressible fluid jets....Figure 2.20 Scheme of jet formation in compressible fluid.Figure 2.21 Scheme of plate throwing at explosion welding: 1 – fixed plate; ...Figure 2.22 Scheme of the experimental assembly: 1 – electric detonator; 2 –...Figure 2.23 Effects of shaped charge jets on front sides of the witness spec...Figure 2.24 Effects of shaped charge jets on rear sides of the witness speci...Figure 2.25 Initial setup of the simulation: 1, duralumin shell; 2, HE charg...Figure 2.26 Flow fields and pressure contours at the stationary stage at tim...Figure 2.27 Flow fields and pressure contours at time t = 10.25 μs.Figure 2.28 The beginning of the penetration of the jet into the target at t...Figure 2.29 Scheme of a jet element penetration in the coordinate system con...Figure 2.30 Influence of geometrical shape of the lens on the shape of deton...Figure 2.31 Asymmetry of the detonation front.Figure 2.32 Typical frontal irregularities; SC‐streak camera.Figure 2.33 Basic (a, d, f) and combined (b, c, i) mechanisms of compact EFP...Figure 2.34 The process of forming a compact projectile.Figure 2.35 Design scheme of a dynamic protection element (a) and a hinged d...Figure 2.36 Scheme of interaction between a shaped charge jet and an element...

      4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 High‐explosive projectiles: (a) 203‐mm short‐range projectile F‐6...Figure 3.2 Blast mines of calibers 240 and 160 mm: 1 – body; 2 – explosive c...Figure 3.3 Blast bomb: 1 – fuse; 2 – transition bush; 3 – detonator; 4 – she...Figure 3.4 Blast bombs: 1 – FAB‐100; 2, 3 – FAB‐250; 4 – OFAB‐250; 5–7 – FAB...Figure 3.5 Volumetric explosion ammunition: 1 – fuse; 2 – cylindrical case; ...Figure 3.6 Principal scheme of thermobaric ammunition: 1 – thermobaric mixtu...Figure 3.7 The pressure distribution in explosion products (EP) and the air ...Figure 3.8 Separation of the shock wave from the explosion products.Figure 3.9 Diagram of the explosion process in phase plane (r–t): ASW ...Figure 3.10 Distribution of mass velocities in air and detonation products u...Figure 3.11 Distribution of densities in air and detonation products under d...Figure 3.12 Pressure dependence on time at a fixed point of the area; τ⁺ – t...Figure 3.13 Distribution of pressures in the air at different time moments o...Figure 3.14 Oblique reflection of SW from a barrier.Figure 3.15 Wave pictures of the processes of regular (a) and irregular (b) ...Figure 3.16 Dependence of critical angle of falling α^* on overpressure i...Figure 3.17 Falling angle α₁ and reflection angle α_2.Figure 3.18 Dependence of reflection angle α₂ on the angle of falling α₁, at...Figure 3.19 Wave pictures of an explosion near a reflective surface at diffe...Figure 3.20 The ratio of the pressures in the reflected SW and falling SW ve...Figure 3.21