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Part I Remote Sensing of Precipitation and Storms

2 Progress in Satellite Precipitation Products over the Past Two Decades: Evaluation and Application in Flash Flood Warning

       Guoqiang Tang1, Tsechun Wang2, Meihong Ma3, Wentao Xiong2, Feng Lyu2, and Ziqiang Ma2

       1 Center for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Canmore, Alberta, Canada

       2 Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

       3 School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China

      ABSTRACT

      Precipitation is one of the most essential environmental variables in global water and energy cycles. Precipitation storms often trigger various natural hazards such as flash floods. The advance of satellite remote sensing provides valuable sources of global precipitation data, which have been widely used in hydrometeorological studies and hazard monitoring. Particularly, the Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) produces the latest generation of satellite precipitation estimates and has been widely evaluated and applied since its release in 2014. It is acknowledged that satellite precipitation contains uncertainties varying with space and time. This work assesses the accuracy of the retrospective IMERG products in China and compares IMERG with nine satellite and reanalysis products to reveal the characteristics of modern precipitation data sets. We find that IMERG outperforms other products, except for Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), due to the deficiency of monthly‐scale gauge adjustment. Regarding snowfall, IMERG exhibits large underestimation in the whole China region compared with gauge and reanalysis data. The triple collocation analysis reveals that the performance of IMERG in snowfall estimation is still unsatisfying. Furthermore, IMERG Early and Final runs are applied in the early warning of flash floods in Yunnan Province, China, where flood hazards are common and destructive. IMERG could be better in monitoring floods at higher temporal resolutions (e.g., 1 h and 3 h) than the lower temporal resolution (e.g., daily). IMERG Early run has better timeliness but lower capability of capturing floods compared to IMERG Final run. The study is useful for both users and developers of satellite precipitation products.

2.1. INTRODUCTION

      Precipitation is an indispensable element of global water and energy cycles (Trenberth et al., 2003). As an important source of land water resources, precipitation has a direct link with human society. Extreme precipitation can often trigger natural hazards such as floods and landslides (Hong et al., 2007; Zeng et al., 2017; Vionnet et al., 2019). More frequent and severe extreme precipitation is observed or predicted due to the warming global climate. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted on the occurrence/quantity estimation and temporal and spatial changes of precipitation (Hong et al., 2006; Yong et al., 2013; Behrangi et al., 2018; Hong et al., 2018).

There are various ways of measuring precipitation, such as rain gauges, weather radars, ocean buoys, and satellite sensors. Rain gauges provide the most reliable point‐scale measurements but suffer from problems such as limited spatial coverage, point‐area mismatch, and measurement errors (Legates & Willmott, 1990; Yang et al., 2005). Satellite remote sensing is the only practical method to obtain global rainfall and snowfall, whereas the other methods can