Medicine and Surgery of Camelids. Группа авторов

is outdated and does not reflect the true cause of the adverse behavior, the human. While this behavior is more prevalent in intact males, the behavior is not restricted to males.[9] It is also important to note that this is not a condition that happens exclusively in camelids; similar aggressive tendencies toward humans are observed in all domestic species (cattle, cats, dogs, and horses). Dr. LaRue Johnson proposed the term Aberrant Behavior Syndrome for BMS, and today the phrase BMS or ABS is used to describe llamas and alpacas that are anything from innocently engaging in problematic behavior for which they have been reinforced to those animals that are completely out of control and dangerously aggressive, which can become confusing.

      In order to decide how to prevent aggressive behavior, it is important to be aware of what causes it. It is also important to be able to recognize the early warning signs of what could become problem behaviors and take action at that time.

The Novice Handler Syndrome

      The cause of inappropriate aggression in most animals is multifactorial. Camelids are born with different personalities and tendencies. Humans have different behavioral styles, levels of confidence and experience. Environmental factors such as multiple owners/handlers, age of weaning and herd composition also play a part in the behavior of a llama or an alpaca. The number one cause of behavior issues in camelids is due to inappropriate management and interaction by people. “Novice Handler Syndrome” is a more accurate and descriptive term describing these inappropriate behavior tendencies than BMS or ABS. One especially important facet of the “Novice Handler Syndrome” is the tendency of the human to misinterpret what animals do and why they do it or … how behavior works and why animals repeat some behaviors and not others.

      A common scenario that leads to this inappropriate behavior is a novice owner who has a small herd and their first llama or alpaca cria, and it is a boy. His instincts tell him to play, wrestle, bite, and bump. In this typical scenario, there is not a lot of room to run and not much to do, and the other animals in his environment do not want to play, in fact they rebuff him when he tries to mount or chest butt. This young animal is seriously bored. The high point of his day is when the owner comes out and sits with him. He starts investigating the owner by interacting with her. From the owner's point of view, everything that this baby does is cute, and she encourages this interaction. As time goes by the owner continues to interact with him and he becomes increasingly comfortable with being close to this human companion. Often, he picks at her clothes, puts his nose in her face and rubs against her. This common scenario, though cute when the cria is young, can become dangerous when he is an adult weight, as these animals will try to chest bump, rearing up, and wrapping the front legs around human caretakers. This is a typical example of instinctive adult behavior that was shaped and encouraged by the novice human caretaker.

      Young camelids are going to explore their environment and check out what behaviors net them something they want, what behaviors are neutral and not worth repeating and which behaviors are frightening or result in discomfort. In a herd environment, where humans are occasional visitors to the pasture, behavior is shaped almost entirely by conspecifics. When humans are new to camelids consumed by their interest in them and spend hours in the barn, they have a much greater influence on the behavior of young alpacas and llamas. Young llama or alpaca babies that rub, lean, stand closely, walk right up and put their nose in your face or crotch and a fail to yield space when you move toward them have been encouraged to do these behaviors by receiving attention when they do them. These behaviors are NOT indications of love or friendship they are simply behaviors that were tried on humans just as they were tried on other herd mates and reinforced by someone who had no knowledge of where the behavior would likely lead. These trial behaviors can become dangerous to human caretakers and because of that, dangerous for the wellbeing of the animal. It is in the animal's best interest to guide him in a different direction.

The FIRST and best solution is do not encourage behavior that you do not want. Remember that behavior that seems harmless in a 20‐pound baby is not going to magically go away when the animal is full‐grown. Teach animals that they do not touch you and be respectful of them by handling them in a catch pen and using balancing techniques, not physical force. Mutual nose greetings are the only allowed physical contact. When you have neonates around, watch them from outside the pasture for the first few days. Do not encourage them to approach you and, if they do approach you, participate in a quick nose to nose greeting and walk away. If you have a young animal that is overly interested in humans try closing all animals, including the youngster, away from you when you clean the pastures. Do not do ANYTHING that encourages these youngsters to follow, sniff or play with you. You are going to be too interesting, particularly if the baby has no other babies to play with. The adult females in the herd, as well as the mother, are going to ignore this young baby or chase him away, so if you interact with him, you will be the most interesting item around.

      Personal space is important to maintain; however, it is not necessary to push inquisitive crias away. A foot and a half of distance is a good rule of thumb. A human need only stop an animal from entering this space. And it is okay for you to reach out to pet and touch the animal if it is okay with him. Reach out away from your body and you can make contact without wrapping yourself around the animal. It is fine for us to touch our animals, but it is NOT fine for them to touch us.

Your interactions with animals must be respectful and should not be physical. It is not okay to wrestle and physically control the animals and not expect that they might do the same with you. Screaming and chest butting are natural behaviors that camelids engage in with each other – when humans yell and push it is remarkably similar. By becoming physical with your animals, these behaviors are encouraged. It is much better to put your hand up and show the young camelid what you want him to do which is to stop and notice your personal space. Use your hand to indicate the edges of your personal space. Do not rely on verbal cues, use your hands to show young animals to stay a polite distance from you, you will probably never have to do anything more (Figures 2.55 and 2.56).

Animals that have already been taught to rub and/or push will have to be re‐educated. One should figure out what this animal is gaining by following a person too closely or jumping on him or her. In most cases he is alleviating boredom. Most of the time, these young animals only choose to express these behaviors when they are deprived of age‐appropriate playmates (more important for males to have male playmates). If simply putting your hand out does not work, you may have to alter the environment so that the animal cannot engage in the behavior and then work on replacing it with something that works even better for the animal to get what he wants. Training a new behavior is a bigger subject than can be addressed here. My preference for training behaviors is to use food and a clicker. I begin by teaching the animal to target on my hand (that is to put his nose on my palm) or a plastic training aid and then I can put my hand/training aid out to the side away from my body. The animal targets on my hand or the training aid and is reinforced. It is not possible for him to be targeting on my outstretched hand and be too close to me at the same time (Figures 2.57 and 2.58).

Figure 2.55 This photo demonstrates a respectful and safe interaction between a cria and people.

Figure 2.56 This photo demonstrates an appropriate interaction in the field.