Medicine and Surgery of Camelids. Группа авторов

think about helping the animal to remain in balance instead of holding it and forcing it to rely on the human for balance (Figures 2.3 and 2.4).

Containment Vs. Restraint

      Frequently owners and veterinarians are skeptical that it is possible for camelids to accept many common procedures without some form of restraint; consequently, they do not give the animal a chance to try (a necessary requirement prior to acceptance). Most camelids will accept routine procedures without restraint if they are given the opportunity [1].

Figure 2.1 (a) Illustration of the stance of a relaxed alpaca. (b) Illustration depicting the stance of a threatened or frightened alpaca.

Figure 2.2 This handler is standing in a pen with an alpaca in a non‐threatening manner. She is outside arm's length standing with her shoulders canted away from the animal. Her shoulders are relaxed.

Figure 2.3 Handler is holding steadily as the llama pulls. This technique will cause the animal to feel frightened because he cannot get away.

Figure 2.4 Neutral Rope. There is no tension in the lead rope and the llama remains in balance. This technique allows the animal to feel in control of his own body and therefore remain calm.

Restraint is the act of holding the animal against his will, creating a loss of freedom for the patient. Restraint in camelid patients usually involves tying the animal up or forcing the animal against an immovable object, eliminating the animal's ability to move. Unlike horses, camelids are often small enough to physically restrain with just the strength of an individual handler, making this form of restraint tempting. However, due to their anatomy, physical restraint on a per body weight basis is more difficult and can be dangerous for the animal and handler.

      Camelids have a long neck which makes their center of mass forward on their body. Camelids carry approximately 67% of their body weight over the front legs.[2] (L. Johnson, personal communication 2020). The animals are light in the back and more muscular in the front. The long neck also makes restraining by only immobilizing the head dangerous and difficult because the long neck offers the opportunity for significant body movement even if the animal is held securely by the head. These animals are incredibly agile, and a long neck offers advantages for escape and evasion. Handlers are easily injured by an animal throwing his head around.

Llamas and alpacas are naturally head shy. These animals know instinctively how much leverage is afforded when their head is controlled and will do their best to avoid having their heads handled or restrained (Figure 2.5). However, the animals do not dislike having their heads touched; they respond well to massage and other touching techniques provided they are not restrained and feel safe with their handler. Their fear is nested in restraint and unfortunately, many humans tend to use the neck and head to hold the animals against their will.

Figure 2.5 Drawing illustrating how the long neck of South American camelids allows for a great deal of leverage to be generated when a handler controls an animal by the head. Because the animals are wary of humans, they are wary of this control of the head.

      It is possible to balance the head instead of restraining it for examination and treatment purposes. This technique takes practice but is a skill worth cultivating for veterinarians, owners, and alpaca handlers. By learning balancing techniques and the use of containment, a handler can achieve procedures more quickly and safely. A catch pen and containment go a long way toward making human proximity and touching less frightening.

      Restraining camelids by the ears or the tail is unpleasant and results in an animal that becomes protective of these areas making him difficult later when it comes to medical handling, haltering and routine procedures like toenail trimming.

      As an example, injections often begin when the animal is tied up, pushed against a wall, tied in a chute, or held still by a team of humans. The restraint is applied before the procedure has begun, and the animal becomes excited and fights the restraint prior to the procedure. The handlers react by using more restraint, and the animal fights harder. All this fighting occurs before the needle touches the skin, so the injection is not the issue. The restraint provokes the fight. From the animal's perspective, most herd management procedures pale in comparison to the ordeal of being physically subdued by humans.

      Containment involves enclosing or keeping the animal within certain limits. Camelids respond more positively to containment rather than restraint. Containment is a limitation of space within which the animal is allowed full freedom to move. Camelids are less likely to panic and struggle when contained compared to when they are restrained.

      The principles of containment are effective for highly strung and difficult animals. Even animals that fight violently when restrained will be able to handle the freedom provided by containment for routine procedures. The key to using containment is a good setup.[3]

      Tips to Low Stress Handling of Llamas and Alpacas

      1 Safety in numbers: Camelids need other camelids to feel safe. Even if you have only one patient, it is unwise to work with one animal alone. Pack a catch pen with five to six other animals to take up room; this slows their movement and provides a feeling of safety. For every pen, there is an ideal number of animals. Too few animals, and it doesn't work as well (you can make the pen smaller or add more animals), too many animals and they will become agitated. Ideally, there should be about 20–25% free space in a stall (Figure 2.6). If the animals are smaller, more will be required; if the animals are larger or in full fleece fewer animals will be required. This technique works with both llamas and alpacas. The animals kick less and move less, which makes handling easier. If one animal spits or is very volatile, work with that animal first and release him from the pen. This is a great arrangement for physical exams, giving injections, or administering oral dewormer. Even if you work in a chute or mini‐catch pen (described below), the presence of other animals can make the animals feel much safer and less likely to panic. When working with mothers, keep the baby with her if possible. She will stay calmer if she can be with her baby.Figure 2.6 This photo shows a nicely packed