Herbicides and Plant Physiology. Andrew H. Cobb

Former Soviet Union 13.0 Oceania 9.6 Average 13.1

Table 1.5 Relative competitive abilities of a number of common weeds found in winter cereals.

      Source: Lutman, P.J., Boatman, N.D, Brown V.K. and Marshall, E.J.P. (2003) Weeds: their impact and value in arable ecosystems. In: The Proceedings of the BCPC International Congress: Crop Science and Technology 2003 1, 219–226.

Weed species	5% yield loss (plants m−2)	Weed species	5% yield loss (plants m−2)
Galium aparine	1.7	Poa annua	50.0
Anisantha sterilis	5.0	Epilobium spp.	50.0
Avena fatua	5.0	Polygonum aviculare	50.0
Lolium multiflorum	8.3	Sonchus spp.	50.0
Alopecurus myosuroides	12.5	Taraxacum officinale	50.0
Brassica napus	12.5	Fumaria officinalis	62.5
Sinapis arvensis	12.5	Geranium spp.	62.5
Tripleurospermum inodorum	12.5	Lamium purpureum	62.5
Cirsium spp.	16.7	Ranunculus spp.	62.5
Convolvulus arvensis	16.7	Veronica spp.	62.5
Fallopia convolvulus	16.7	Aethusa cynapium	83.3
Papaver spp.	16.7	Senecio vulgaris	83.3
Chenopodium album	25.0	Anagallis arvensis	100.0
Myosotis arvensis	25.0	Allium vineale	250.0
Persicaria maculosa	25.0	Aphanes arvensis	250.0
Silene vulgaris	25.0	Legousia hybrida	250.0
Stellaria media	25.0	Viola arvensis	250.0

      Yield loss may also occur in addition to direct competition for resources. Allelopathy is the production of allelopathic chemicals by one plant species that may inhibit (or, in the case of positive allelopathy, stimulate) the growth of other species. Anecdotal evidence of negative allelopathic effects has been reported for a number of weed species, although supporting research is often lacking. Recent findings have been reviewed by Olofdotter and Mallik (2001) and others (see Agronomy Journal vol. 93). Given the ample evidence of allelopathy exhibited by crop species, it is highly likely that many weed species will also display these effects, and that it is only a matter of time before research demonstrating this becomes readily available.

      Further examples of yield loss caused by weeds include the effects on non‐plant organisms. One example of this is the presence of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in fruit orchards. Dandelion flowers are preferentially visited by insect pollinators and so pollination of fruit blossom (and therefore fruit yield) is reduced.

       1.4.2 Interference with crop management and handling

Some weeds can make the operation of agricultural machinery more difficult, more costly, or even impossible. The presence of weeds within a crop may necessitate the need for extra cultivations to be introduced. This often leads to crop damage, reduced yields and increased pest and disease occurrence, although in sugar beet crops, where inter‐row cultivation is often carried out and has previously been associated with yield loss, recent findings suggest that careful implementation can result in no loss of root yield or sucrose content (Dexter et al., 1999; Wilson and Smith, 1999). This is possibly due to the development of tillage equipment that carries out more shallow cultivation and that is more carefully implemented, resulting in less seedling and root damage. Weeds can also affect the processes carried out prior to crop planting. For example, fat hen stems and leaves block the mesh of de‐stoners, which are used prior to potato and other root crop planting. Species with rough, wiry stems that spread close to the ground (e.g. knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare) or are more erect in growth habit (e.g. fat hen, Chenopodium album) present major problems for the mechanical harvesting of many crops and can result in damage to machinery (e.g. pea viners) and subsequent harvesting delays. Other species can be troublesome when the crops are harvested by hand, such as the small nettle (Urtica urens) in strawberries and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) in blackcurrants. The result is that fruit is not harvested and spoils on the plant.

       1.4.3 Reduction in crop quality

      Competition between crop and weed species can result in spindly leaf crops and deformed root crops which are less attractive to consumers and processors. A crop may have to be rejected if it contains weed seeds, especially when the crop is grown for seed, such as barley and wheat, and if the weed seeds are similar