Ecological Transition in Education and Research. Группа авторов

of a commission appointed by the United Nations, concluded very quickly that the problem of sustainable development was not exclusively related to the environment. The commission quickly gave an official definition of sustainable development, which is a bit convoluted, but not bad at all. “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. This means that we can continue to develop, but we must change the way in which we do it.

      There was also the major Rio conference which defined around 20 principles in social, political, economic and ecological dimensions. Europe has retained some of them, abandoning others which concern us less, such as the right to education (fairly acquired in Europe), or political notions (in the sense that Europe is a democracy). There are still the social, economic and ecological dimensions.

      From 2000 onwards, the “Architecture and Climate” team wondered how to define sustainable development for architects. After three years of reflection, we propose:

      Architecture is ethically part of its social, political, economic and environmental surroundings when it benefits from the advantages (of these four areas), while counterbalancing the inevitable disadvantages that these surroundings may present (for example, if you are in a place where there is a lot of noise, there is an acoustic disadvantage), but, above all, by letting the surroundings benefit from what we, the architects, generate. If you are planning a building that does not add anything to the environment where you are building it, do not build it. Likewise, if a building can be demolished to add value to its location, demolish it.

      Therefore, architecture falls within different scales, ranging from the material to the building, to its environment, its district, its city, its territory. Talking about the building alone, like the glass tower deposited by helicopter in Sao Paolo, is over.

1.4. Smartness

      In English, the term “smart” can mean “an elegant, refined person”. In urban planning, the Smart City has been translated as “Intelligent City”.

      From the beginning, in around 2010, the “Architecture and Climate” team thought that a Smart City is not a High Tech City. Nowadays, the connection between the two is often made.

      Based on this observation, we say that humankind must remain at the heart of our concerns in three fields: economy, society and the environment.

      And everything High Tech-related should be at the service of these concerns.

      Nowadays, there is a new buzzword appearing in the literature and in thought: quantum. Not much reflection has been given to its meaning yet.

1.5. The “Architecture and Climate” research team

      All these suggested concepts have been developed by the “Architecture and Climate” research team¹ from the Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning of the University of Louvain-La-Neuve, in Belgium.

      To develop a team, a real team, in the sense of a football or a rugby team, you have to bring people together through goals that everyone can share.

      The “Architecture and Climate” team has three goals.

The first goal is to develop and disseminate scientific knowledge. As academics we have to validate what we say, we cannot just make assumptions. Our audience is architects, and our areas are: energetics, lighting, materials (from raw material to recycling and material reuse), water (which we consider to be the next big world problem after energy), waste (potentially new materials) and historical heritage. On every occasion we focused on a definition of things, which allowed us to have a vision: the “Architecture and Climate” vision. It is important to disseminate this information in publications, but also to transmit it by means of conferences, courses and meetings. It is necessary to create synergies, to develop a worldwide network of reflection, so that results are even stronger and more in-depth. We have to become involved in the public and the regional debate, to get out of the ivory tower and keep a realistic approach, to stay firmly anchored in the ground. We have to translate the results into a language architects can understand.

      The second goal reflects our values: to cultivate a team spirit, being open to the world (to host, to travel), to ensure a work of excellence enabling each team member to flourish and develop personally, to apply the principles of sustainable development on a daily basis as much as possible.

      The last goal stipulates that each research project must aim for excellence. Even if this is rarely achieved, it should be a target. It is advisable to communicate one’s research, to compare results with others in order to reassure oneself and feed one’s own reflection. To be a good researcher is to be creative, analytical, and above all, to be very critical of one’s own work.

      Our first books came out in 1983. We were very proud, because they were taken up by the European Commission and distributed across European Schools of Architecture. They were also taken up by the energy department in the United States and distributed to architects. At that point, we used to discuss winter thermal comfort, which was not new, but also summer thermal comfort, which was relatively new, and natural ventilation and natural lighting, which was completely new.

      On every occasion, each research project is placed within its context, even if we are doing very specific research. It is a bit like a puzzle: cutting-edge research is one piece of the puzzle, but once the research project is completed, the result of that piece is put back into the puzzle. Here are some examples of research developed in the team: the thermoair circulation, double-skin facades, the launch of the Energie+ encyclopedia, lime hemp plaster, the urban square and the microclimate, the renovation of the built heritage with interior insulation (which is rare in Belgium), the construction of a model house in 1992 with 250 measurement points and a consumption of 18 kWh/m² energy need (compared to a 450 kWh/m² energy need at ENSAM), a study of emergency tents for the Red Cross which can respond to several climates and be light and small for transport by plane and the publication of the Monitor’s “Treatise of architecture and bioclimatic urban planning” together with ADEME.

      In terms of light and lighting, we created an artificial solar system for models. In terms of light, there is no scale effect. If you build a model with the colors matching your future building, you will take exactly the same photo in the model as in your future building.

      Regarding water management at the district level, rainwater is not supposed to return to the sewer. It should return to the ground in order to supply groundwater, which is not obvious for increasingly mineralized urban planning. We have developed software that is based on soil permeability, the type of rain or the moment when the rain arrives. For example, when the ground is completely hardened and a strong thunderstorm arrives, water does not seep in. At that moment, it would be necessary to have very fine, typically Belgian drizzle, which sprinkles and moistures all over. The software can inform landscapers about the dimensions and types of plants for valleys.

      We are working on heat storage in materials. Our dream is to find a solid-solid phase change material. When this material is found, a building will never need to be heated or cooled again. It will be a small revolution in the construction world.

      In terms of education, energy managers have been trained since 1989. We developed the EDUCATE – Sustainable Architecture project at the European level, whose purpose was to compare the place of sustainable development in the curricula of European architecture schools and to suggest accompanying actions.

      The activities were developed within the International Energy Agency of the European Community of the Federal State of Belgium by means of research and energy contracts, and, from time to time, in collaboration with the industry.

      In 2005, we created the MATRIciel spin-off², because we gave a lot of advice to developers, design offices and architects, without being able to take legal responsibility. MATRIciel is a research and consulting office in energy,