Tropical Marine Ecology. Daniel M. Alongi

attenuation function of disturbed mangroves. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 248: 108767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106747.

      34 Lehodey, P. (2001). The pelagic ecosystem of the tropical Pacific Ocean: dynamic spatial modelling and biological consequences of ENSO. Progress in Oceanography 49: 439–468.

      35 Lenihan, H.S., Hench, J.L., Holbrook, S.J. et al. (2015). Hydrodynamics influence coral performance through simultaneous direct and indirect effects. Ecology 96: 1540–1549.

      36 Li, Z., Saito, Y., Tamura, T. et al. (2012). Mid‐Holocene mangrove succession and its response to sea‐level change in the upper Mekong River delta, Cambodia. Quaternary Research 78: 386–399.

      37 Longhurst, A. and Pauly, D. (1987). Ecology of Tropical Oceans. San Diego, USA: Academic Press.

      38 Masselink, G. and Hughes, M.G. (2014). An Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology. London: Routledge.

      39 Mazda, Y. and Ikeda, Y. (2006). Behaviour of the groundwater in a riverine‐type mangrove forest. Wetlands Ecology and Management 14: 477–488.

      40 Mazda, Y. and Wolanski, E. (2009). Hydrodynamics and modelling of water flow in mangrove areas. In: Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach (eds. G.M.E. Perillo, E. Wolanski, D.R. Cahoon, et al.), 231–262. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

      41 Mazda, Y., Kanazawa, N., and Wolanski, E. (1995). Tidal asymmetry in mangrove creeks. Hydrobiologia 295: 51–58.

      42 Mazda, Y., Wolanski, E., and Ridd, P.V. (2007). The Role of Physical Processes in Mangrove Environments. Manual for the Preservation and Utilization of Mangrove Ecosystems. Tokyo: Terrapub.

      43 McCreary, J.P., Murtugudde, R., Vialard, J. et al. (2009). Biophysical processes in the Indian Ocean. In: Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability (eds. J.D. Wiggert, R.R. Hood, S.W.A. Naqvi, et al.), 9–32. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union.

      44 McLachlin, R.L., Ogston, A.S., Asp, N.E. et al. (2020). Impacts of tidal‐channel connectivity on transport asymmetry and sediment exchange with mangrove forests. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 233: 106524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.106524.

      45 Medeiros, C., Kjerfve, B., Araujo, M. et al. (2001). The Itamaracá estuarine ecosystem, Brazil. In: Coastal Marine Ecosystems in Latin America (eds. U. Seeliger and B. Kjerfve), 71–81. Berlin: Springer.

      46  Monismith, S.G. (2007). Hydrodynamics of coral reefs. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 39: 37–55.

      47 Mullarney, J.C., Henderson, S.M., Reyns, J.A. et al. (2017). Spatially varying drag within a wave‐exposed mangrove forest and on the adjacent tidal flat. Continental Shelf Research 147: 102–113.

      48 Norris, B.K., Mullarney, J.C., Bryan, K.R. et al. (2019). Turbulence within natural mangrove pneumatophore canopies. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124: 2263–2288.

      49 Peterson, C.H., Luettich, R.A., Micheli, F. et al. (2004). Attenuation of water flow inside seagrass canopies of differing structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 268: 81–92.

      50 Reidenbach, M.A., Koseff, J.R., Monismith, S.G. et al. (2006). Effects of waves, unidirectional currents, and morphology on mass transfer in branched reef corals. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 1134–1141.

      51 Ridd, P.V. (1996). Flow through animal burrows in mangrove creeks. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Science 43: 617–625.

      52 Rosman, J.H. and Hench, J.L. (2011). A framework for understanding drag parameterizations for coral reefs. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 116 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006892.

      53 Salas‐Monreal, D., Riveron‐Enzastiga, M.L., de Salas‐Perez, J. et al. (2020). Bathymetric flow rectification in a tropical micro‐tidal estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 235: 106562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106562.

      54 Samper‐Villarreal, J., Lovelock, C.E., Saunders, M.I. et al. (2016). Organic carbon on seagrass sediments is influenced by seagrass canopy complexity, turbidity, wave height, and water depth. Limnology and Oceanography 61: 938–952.

      55 Schettini, C.A.F., Pereira, M.D., Siegle, E. et al. (2013). Residual fluxes of suspended sediment in a tidally‐dominated tropical estuary. Continental Shelf Research 70: 27–35.

      56 Schroeder, T., Devlin, M.J., Brando, V.E. et al. (2012). Interannual variability of wet season freshwater plume extent into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon based on satellite coastal ocean colour observations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 65: 210–223.

      57 Stieglitz, T. and Ridd, P.V. (2001). Trapping of mangrove propagules due to density‐driven secondary circulation in the Normanby River estuary, NE Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 211: 131–142.

      58 Stieglitz, T.C., Clark, J.F., and Hancock, G.J. (2013). The mangrove pump: the tidal flushing of animal burrows in a tropical mangrove forest determined from radionuclide budgets. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 102: 12–22.

      59 Storlazzi, C.D., Ogston, A.S., Bothner, M.H. et al. (2004). Wave‐ and tidally‐driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef, southern Molokai, Hawaii. Continental Shelf Research 24: 1397–1419.

      60 Stramma, L., Johnson, G.C., Sprintall, J. et al. (2008). Expanding oxygen‐minimum zones in the tropical oceans. Science 320: 655–657.

      61 Tillinger, D. (2011). Physical oceanography of the present day Indonesian Throughflow. In: The SE Asian Gateway: History and Tectonics (eds. R. Hall, R. Cottam and M.E.J. Wilson), 267–281. London: Geological Society.

      62 Townsend, D.W. (2012). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Introduction to Marine Science. Sunderland, USA: Sinauer.

      63 Valle‐Levinson, A. and Bosley, K.T. (2003). Reversing circulation patterns in a tropical estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 108: 3331. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001786.

      64 Valsala, V. (2009). Different spreading of Somali and Arabian coastal upwelled waters in the northern Indian Ocean: A case study. Journal of Oceanography 65: 803–816.

      65 Varona, H.L., Veleda, D., Silva, M. et al. (2019). Amazon River plume influence on western tropical Atlantic dynamic variability. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 85: 1–15.

      66 Vecchi, G.A. and Soden, B.J. (2007). Global warming and the weakening of the tropical circulation. Journal of Climate 20: 4316–4340.

      67 Webster, P.J. (2020). Dynamics of the Tropical Atmosphere and Oceans. Hoboken, USA: Wiley‐Blackwell.

      68  Wolanski, E. (1986). An evaporation‐driven salinity maximum zone in Australian tropical estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 22: 415–424.

      69 Wolanski, E. (2007). Estuarine Ecohydrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

      70 Wolanski, E. and Cassagne, B. (2000). Salinity intrusion and rice farming in the mangrove‐fringed Konkoure River delta, Guinea. Wetlands Ecology and Management 8: 29–36.

      71 Wolanski, E., Williams, D., and Hanert, E. (2006). The sediment trapping efficiency of the macro‐tidal Daly estuary, tropical Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 69: 291–298.

CHAPTER 4 Tropical Marine Geosphere

      

4.1 Major Sedimentary Patterns

Because most riverine discharge to the oceans occurs in the tropics and that glacial sedimentation occurs at the poles, there are clear latitudinal patterns in sediment types and composition on the world’s continental shelves (Figure 4.1). The