Leadership in Veterinary Medicine. Clive Elwood

to, animals in multiple ways, to provide food, security, research subjects, transport, assistance, objects of veneration and worship, companionship, and sources of profit. As companions, pets remind us to be joyful and mindful, they bring life (and death) into a home, take us out of ourselves and provide reasons for living. What a responsibility that places on veterinary professionals! On a prosaic level, we can see that the motivational drivers and ‘purpose’ of the veterinary professions have developed and diversified over time from care of farm animals, to care of military animals, through to support of animal health and production, welfare and use of animals in medical research, to leisure and pet care. The picture of the profession (including practice type, gender balance, ownership structures and governance) is continually changing with societal needs and expectations. The profession is embedded in society and serves many different functions, including being a source of ‘entertainment’ through books, TV shows, and even stadium tours (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 The veterinary sector sits within and in relation to society; it is a complex, open, and adaptive/responsive system.

      Throughout the history of the veterinary professions, globally, there are examples of great achievements that have impacted human society, e.g. the eradication of Rinderpest. Achievements in other areas, e.g. food production (breeding, animal health), drug development, nutrition, and medical research can be readily identified. More recently, the veterinary profession's role in global One Health is gaining prominence and recognition (Gibbs 2014; Natterson‐Horowitz 2015).

2.5 What Are the Veterinary Professions, and What Are They for?

To be a veterinary surgeon (veterinarian) or veterinary nurse (in the UK) is to be part of a profession and accept the authority and oversight of a professional regulator. In the United Kingdom, the regulator is the RCVS and the underlying legal status of the profession is the Veterinary Surgeons Act (1966). Much of this Act relates to how individuals are entered into, and maintained on, the Register of practitioners. What the registered professional can actually do is much less proscribed; the Act does say it is unlawful for anyone other than a veterinary surgeon to perform acts of veterinary surgery, whether or not they charge a fee (but the right to charge a fee for services is implicit). The RCVS also maintains a Register of Veterinary Nurses qualified to provide supporting nursing care to animals and, under veterinary direction, to undertake certain treatments and procedures that are also controlled by law under the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966.

      The RCVS Codes of Professional Conduct for Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Nurses puts ‘meat on the bones’ of professional responsibilities and, with supportive guidance, outlines what is expected of professionals. Furthermore, on admission to the veterinary register we declare that ‘ABOVE ALL, my constant endeavour will be to ensure the health and welfare of animals committed to my care.’

2.6 Uncertainties of Role and Identity

      If you were to ask a cross‐section of the general public what the veterinary professions are ‘for’ you might expect a range of responses such as ‘looking after sick animals’, ‘vaccinating and neutering’, ‘diagnosing and treating disease in animals’. For veterinary professionals, the answers might be broader, more specific, more nuanced, and not, in every case, aligned with the view of the profession from wider society. I doubt, for example, that many non‐veterinary professionals would raise ‘protection of the food chain’, ‘farm animal productivity’, ‘racehorse performance’, ‘medical research’, ‘drug development’, or the many other areas in which veterinary professionals practise.

      And this is where we run into paradox, contradiction, complexity, and ambiguity. Who, truly, do the veterinary professions serve? Our professional status gives us the right to cause harm to animals (‘acts of veterinary surgery’), which is modified (and contradicted) by the primacy of animal welfare as per the oath. We also have the right to charge a fee for our services and, thereby, serve our own needs. Yet, are we, truly, outside of society? Of course not. As the professions' response to global threats show, human welfare (of both colleagues and society) takes precedent, above the declaration that we serve animal welfare ‘ABOVE ALL’. The profession serves the animals in its care, yes, but it does so with implicit (the social contract) and explicit, legal, permission of human society. Many people are not interested in really understanding the role of the veterinary professional; they are just grateful someone is there to take on the responsibilities on their behalf.

      If caring organisations are developed to provide defences against anxieties on behalf of human society, then this raises interesting questions about what the veterinary professions are really ‘for’ at an unconscious level (Armstrong and Rustin 2014). The veterinary professions, generally accepted to be ‘caring’, take on a part of the management of the human‐animal interface on behalf of society at large, and function as a place to hold and contain the associated anxieties. This human–animal interface is itself a place of contradiction, paradox, and pain where the idealism of animals as joint rightful sharers of the space on this earth does not (for most of us) bear critical examination, and where the joys of animal companionship come with, emphasise, and maybe help us to face, the inevitability of human pain, ageing, and death (cheery, huh?). So, even at a basic level, to be a veterinary professional is to wrestle and manage with uncertainties of role and identity. These conflicts and paradoxes may be conscious or unconscious; perhaps this is the water in which we swim?

2.7 Professional Archetypes

How does this perspective help understand the veterinary professions? Following the logic of Hafferty and Castellani (2010), who examine the medical professions from a systems perspective, the unconscious and contradictory forces that are at play, and the resultant types of professional(ism), the veterinary professions might readily be viewed as existing within a complex open system. Hafferty and Castellani (2010) identified 10 key aspects of human medical work (altruism, autonomy, commercialism, personal morality, interpersonal competence, lifestyle, professional dominance, social justice, social contract, and technical competence) and then arranged these within different clusters to identify seven types of professionalism. The authors emphasise that these key aspects of medical work and types of professionalism are not the only ones worth examining and, extrapolating from studies of veterinary professional identity I have added a ‘relational’ archetype (Armitage‐Chan and May 2018; Hamilton 2018). The resultant role complexity is too great for any individual to hold and suggests it is right that we should respect similar diversity of purpose, values, and primary task in the veterinary professions (Table 2.1). A failure to examine, understand, and accept this might underlie some of the dynamic tensions that repeatedly play out as a result of inevitable conflict between differing, yet equally valid, professional stances.

       This might all seem a bit ‘unnecessary’ and ‘wishy‐washy’ (‘Just tell me how to lead’, I hear you cry), but it is important to consider the deeper systemic and unconscious forces that might be at play. Understanding drivers of the diverse behaviours, values, and attitudes around us can help with leading effectively and understanding why it can be so difficult at times.

2.8 Why Is Leadership Important in the Veterinary Professions?

      Occupation of formal leadership roles in the veterinary professions has changed as the veterinary professions themselves have changed. What used to be the domain of older, mostly white, mostly male leaders at local, national, and global levels