Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia. Группа авторов

using an arterial catheter....Figure 19.7 Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, with waveform....Figure 19.8 Over‐dampened arterial waveform.Figure 19.9 Under‐dampened arterial waveform.Figure 19.10 Normal time vs. partial pressure of carbon dioxide capnogram.Figure 19.11 Cardiogenic oscillations on capnogram waveform.Figure 19.12 Widened α angle due to a resistance to expiration.Figure 19.13 Widened β angle likely due to a leak around the endotracheal tu...Figure 19.14 Elevated baseline indicating inspiration of carbon dioxide.Figure 19.15 Hypoventilation, as indicated by elevated end tidal carbon diox...Figure 19.16 Hyperventilation, as indicated by low end‐tidal carbon dioxide....Figure 19.17 Airway oxygen analyzer indicating percent inspired and expired ...Figure 19.18 (a) Transmission design pulse oximetry probe. (b) Reflectance d...Figure 19.19 Thermistor unit with probe.Figure 19.20 Lateral aspect of the pelvic limb. The trajectory of the perone...

      14 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Mare sedated for a laparoscopic ovariectomy. The mare was premed...Figure 20.2 Support stand used to support head of sedated horse.Figure 20.3 Padding around halter to prevent nerve damage.Figure 20.4 Sedated mare with foal at her side.

      15 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Use of a fluid pump to deliver a constant rate infusion of lidoc...

      16 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Approach to the infraorbital nerve within the infraorbital canal...Figure 22.2 Location of the infraorbital canal between the nasoincisive notc...Figure 22.3 Approach to the maxillary nerve within the pterygopalatine fossa...Figure 22.4 Extraoral approach to the mandibular nerve. Lateral aspect (a) a...Figure 22.5 Approach to the mental nerve at the level of the mental foramen....Figure 22.6 Angled, blind approach to the maxillary nerve in the donkey.Figure 22.7 Perpendicular approach to the maxillary nerve in the donkey.Figure 22.8 Ultrasound‐guided approach to the maxillary nerve in the donkey....Figure 22.9 Ultrasound image of the maxillary nerve and adjacent structures ...Figure 22.10 Anatomy of surgical site for cervical plexus block.Figure 22.11 Infiltration of subcutaneous tissues caudal to the incision sit...Figure 22.12 Surface anatomy and landmarks for cervical plexus block.Figure 22.13 Ultrasound image of injection site for cervical plexus block.Figure 22.14 Insertion of Tuohy using ultrasound guidance for cervical plexu...

      17 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Anatomy of the major motor and sensory nerves of the equine peri...Figure 23.2 Sites of equine periocular nerve blocks. 1: auriculopalpebral; 2...Figure 23.3 Approximate areas of desensitization afforded by periocular sens...Figure 23.4 Locating the equine supraorbital foramen using Töth's law.Figure 23.5 Placement of spinal needle for supraorbital fossa block.

      18 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Subcircumneural space surrounding the nerve, artery, and vein wi...Figure 24.2 The neurovascular bundle containing the palmar/plantar digital n...Figure 24.3 The neurovascular bundle containing the palmar/plantar digital n...Figure 24.4 Location of needle insertion for the low four‐point nerve block....Figure 24.5 Desensitization of palmar/plantar nerves distal to the ramus com...Figure 24.6 Location of needle insertion for four‐point (high palmar) nerve ...Figure 24.7 Location of needle insertion for the lateral palmar nerve block ...Figure 24.8 Location of needle insertion for blockade of the median nerve an...Figure 24.9 Location of needle insertion for blockade of the ulnar nerve pro...Figure 24.10 Location of needle insertion for the high plantar nerve block....Figure 24.11 Location of needle insertion for the deep branch of the lateral...Figure 24.12 Location of needle insertion for blockade of the tibial nerve....Figure 24.13 Location of needle insertion for blockade of the peroneal nerve...

      19 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Dissection of the pelvic cavity showing the pudendal nerve stain...Figure 25.2 Caudal aspect of the pelvic cavity displaying the superficial pe...Figure 25.3 Landmarks for the pudendal nerve block in the horse. The white d...Figure 25.4 Peripheral nerve locator needle positioning in a mare.Figure 25.5 Intratesticular injection of 2% mepivacaine (Carbocaine®).

      20 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 First step, localizing the transverse process of L3.Figure 26.2 Left thoracolumbar area of a standing adult Thoroughbred horse f...Figure 26.3 Red stars indicate location of nerve roots of T18, L1, and L2. N...Figure 26.4 Anatomic location of spinal nerve roots T18, L1, L2, and L3 and ...Figure 26.5 Use of caudal border of last rib to determine location of third ...Figure 26.6 Insertion of needle for blind paravertebral block.Figure 26.7 Aspirate prior to injection to ensure that the needle tip is not...Figure 26.8 Transversus abdominus plane block using the flank approach.Figure 26.9 Transversus abdominus plane block using the intercostal ventral ...Figure 26.10 Transversus abdominus plane block using the subcostal approach....Figure 26.11 Caudal intercostal block performed in the standing horse for ab...

      21 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Palpation of the sacrococcygeal (S‐Co) and intercoccygeal space ...Figure 27.2 Superficial infiltration of local anesthetic using a 23–25‐gauge...Figure 27.3 (epidural with spinal cord included). A caudal epidural using th...Figure 27.4 (epidural without spinal cord included). A caudal epidural using...Figure 27.5 (epidural catheter). An epidural catheter placed at the first in...

      22 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Pain scoring record on stall door of equine patient in hospital....Figure 29.2 The top row displays pictures of horses that are not in pain. Th...Figure 29.3 An example of low‐level intensity “rolling.” This horse later pr...Figure 29.4 An example of the gross pain behavior “mouth playing.”Figure 29.5 This horse is not in a normal resting position as the front limb...Figure 29.6 An attentive horse standing in the front of the box stall – norm...Figure 29.7 A horse, standing in the front of the box stall with no attentio...Figure 29.8 This horse is “tucked up,” there is tension of the abdominal wal...Figure 29.9 This horse is not weight bearing on the left front limb. Notice ...Figure 29.10 This horse had wound surgery on the right hind limb not many ho...Figure 29.11 This horse shows attention toward the painful area. In this cas...Figure 29.12 This horse was lame. The stifle was the reason for the lameness...Figure 29.13 This horse had wound surgery in the hind limb but also very bri...Figure 29.14 Horses in severe pain or long‐term pain, may not show any inter...

      23 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Goniometer assessing the range of motion of the left carpus.Figure 30.2 Pressure algometer assessing the mechanical nociceptive threshol...Figure 30.3 Class 4 therapeutic laser.Figure 30.4 Electrical stimulation of the right gluteal.Figure 30.5 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy of the right proximal metacarpa...Figure 30.6 A selection of acupuncture needles.Figure 30.7 Electroacupuncture and dry needle treatment for support limb lam...Figure 30.8 Electroacupuncture for cervical pain.Figure 30.9 Electroacupuncture for thoracolumbar and pelvic area pain.Figure 30.10 Electroacupuncture treatment for sacrococcygeal injury with uri...

      24 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Foal anesthetized and breathing spontaneously immediately post i...Figure 31.2 Positioning and padding to support limbs of a foal and protect b...Figure 31.3 Hand recovering a foal. One person supports the head and another...Figure 31.4 Mare and foal in induction area. The foal will be induced with t...Figure 31.5 Repair of a tear in urinary bladder.Figure 31.6 Urine in suction jar after removal from abdomen. It is important...

      25 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Distended and fluid‐filled small intestine with compromised bloo...Figure 32.2 Use of a demand valve to ventilate a horse after induction.Figure 32.3 Horse on pads in recovery. An orotracheal tube is in place.

      26 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 22‐year‐old horse with Cushing's disease (pituitary pars interme...

      27 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Delivery of live foal, lifting by hindlimbs out of uterus.Figure 34.2 Delivery of live foal; hindlimbs, abdomen, and thorax exiting ut...Figure 34.3 Positioning of mare for attempted vaginal delivery of the fetus....

      28 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Warning signage posted outside of the MRI room.Figure 35.2 Custom cutout of the gantry of a 3.0 Tesla MRI allows for the ho...Figure 35.3 Low‐field MRI used for imaging of standing horses.Figure 35.4 Table used for equine CT under general anesthesia.Figure 35.5 Stocks used for CT in the standing horse with open side.Figure 35.6 Sandbags used to limit motion of head and neck during image acqu...Figure 35.7 Platform for horse to stand on during standing CT image acquisit...Figure 35.8 Horse's head in CT gantry.

      29 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Pharyngeal/laryngeal anatomy of the donkey;(a) arytenoid cartila...Figure 36.2 Jugular vein traveling deep to the cutaneous colli muscle.

      30 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Use of a Dan‐inject rifle to dart a wild horse.Figure 37.2 Delivery of supplemental inspired oxygen