Materials for Biomedical Engineering. Mohamed N. Rahaman

of drug release from polyelectrolyte hydrogels by ...Figure 11.28 Illustration of a method for encapsulating cells in a polyethyl...Figure 11.29 Illustration of a common approach in which hydrogels are used a...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Idealized illustrations of common types of composites: (a) parti...Figure 12.2 Illustration of fiber‐reinforced composite loaded in the directi...Figure 12.3 Young's modulus of fiber‐reinforced composite in the directions ...Figure 12.4 Predictions for the effect of particle size on the Young's modul...Figure 12.5 Effect of average particle size on the tensile yield strength of...Figure 12.6 Tensile strength of particulate composites composed of nylon 6 r...Figure 12.7 Tensile yield stress and Young's modulus as a function of partic...Figure 12.8 (a) Effect of particle content on the Young's modulus and strain...Figure 12.9 Scanning electron microscope images of porous composites compose...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Examples of various types of surface modification.Figure 13.2 Schematic of the main components of a plasma treatment system.Figure 13.3 (a) Schematic of the main components of a reactor for chemical v...Figure 13.4 Film deposition rate plotted as function of the ratio of the par...Figure 13.5 Schematic of the main components of a physical vapor deposition ...Figure 13.6 Schematic of the equipment and process steps in the deposition o...Figure 13.7 Illustration of method of grafting a polymer coating to the surf...Figure 13.8 Examples of specific chemical reactions to modify the surface of...Figure 13.9 Chemical structure of silanes and examples of reacting group X a...Figure 13.10 (a) Illustration of the reaction between a silane molecule and ...Figure 13.11 Chemical structure of stearic acid and an illustration of a bil...Figure 13.12 (a) Monolayer of stearic acid molecules on the surface of a wat...Figure 13.13 Deposition of Langmuir–Blodgett multilayer film on one side of ...Figure 13.14 General characteristics of short‐chain molecules and substrate ...Figure 13.15 (a) Schematic of reaction of a thiol (S–H) terminated chain wit...Figure 13.16 Illustration of various structures of self‐assembled monolayers...Figure 13.17 (a) Schematic of the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) film deposition proce...Figure 13.18 (a) Illustration of repeating tetralayer on the surface of a ma...Figure 13.19 Reaction scheme for immobilization of growth factor (GF) contai...Figure 13.20 Reaction scheme for immobilizing a growth factor (GF) containin...Figure 13.21 Examples of methods for immobilizing heparin molecules at the s...Figure 13.22 Illustration of end‐point covalent bonding of aldehyde‐terminat...Figure 13.23 Illustration of a drug delivery system composed of a fibrin mat...

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Schematic of a metal in contact with a solution of its ions.Figure 14.2 Potential difference between a copper electrode and a standard h...Figure 14.3 Schematic of two electrically connected dissimilar metals in con...Figure 14.4 Illustration of rust formation. The oxidation reaction in the an...Figure 14.5 Example of a Pourbaix diagram for iron (Fe), assuming a passivat...Figure 14.6 Examples of galvanic corrosion at a microscale due to compositio...Figure 14.7 Examples of mechanical stress effects that can lead to corrosion...Figure 14.8 Examples of crevice corrosion due to low oxygen concentration. (...Figure 14.9 Illustration of the formation of a pit below a colony of bacteri...Figure 14.10 Scanning electron microscope images of (a) hydroxyapatite micro...Figure 14.11 Scanning electron microscope images of carbonate‐substituted hy...

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Main pathways for converting an insoluble polymer network into s...Figure 15.2 Examples of chemical groups in polymer chains that are resistant...Figure 15.3 Mass of PGA sutures (designated Dexon®), relative to their initi...Figure 15.4 Schematic illustration of a model for enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysi...Figure 15.5 Weight loss versus time for PLA films during enzymatic degradati...Figure 15.6 Effect of hard segment content on the degradation of polyether u...Figure 15.7 Degradation of polyglycolic acid (PGA) sutures determined from t...Figure 15.8 Possible initiation, propagation, and termination reactions in t...Figure 15.9 Examples of sites (*) favorable for initial oxidative attack by ...Figure 15.10 Illustration of the susceptibility to autoxidation in the polyo...Figure 15.11 Electronic structures of the reactive molecules superoxide radi...Figure 15.12 Schematic of the production of hydroxyl radicals in the body fr...Figure 15.13 Illustration of free radicals attacking an implanted polymer. MFigure 15.14 Chemical structure of five suture materials.Figure 15.15 Percentage retention of tensile breaking force as a function of...Figure 15.16 Scanning electron microscope images of the surface of Monocryl ...Figure 15.17 (a) Number‐average molecular weight M_n and (b) polydispersity o...Figure 15.18 Crack pattern on inner surface of polyether urethane (PEU) insu...

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Basic stages of biocompatibility phenomena upon implantation of ...Figure 16.2 The Vroman effect describes the competitive adsorption of molecu...Figure 16.3 Schematic illustration of the potential energy of interaction be...Figure 16.4 Illustration showing that cell attachment to a biomaterial surfa...Figure 16.5 Illustration of the structure of a typical eukaryotic animal cel...Figure 16.6 The fluid mosaic model of cellular membranes consisting mainly o...Figure 16.7 The major steps of DNA replication. DNA polymerase catalyzes for...Figure 16.8 RNA transcription involving base pairing along a single DNA temp...Figure 16.9 The two‐part process of gene expression. Part I involves transcr...Figure 16.10 Translation of the sequence of mRNA codons to a sequence of ami...Figure 16.11 Movement of peptides from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to th...Figure 16.12 Functional architecture of the mitochondrion showing (a) outer ...Figure 16.13 Illustration of the microstructure of microfilaments, microtubu...Figure 16.14 Illustration of a typical pattern of cytoskeletal actin microfi...Figure 16.15 Illustration of types of cell‐to‐cell junctions including tight...Figure 16.16 Mechanism of cell attachment to the extracellular matrix mediat...Figure 16.17 Ligand binding to the active form of integrin causes the tail p...Figure 16.18 Illustration of the structure of the four basic types of mammal...Figure 16.19 The families of cell types that derive from the three basic bod...Figure 16.20 Cells of circulating blood including erythrocytes, agranulocyte...Figure 16.21 Illustration comparing discoid morphology of circulating nonact...Figure 16.22 The cell‐based model of coagulation consisting of three success...

      17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 The four stages of mechanotransduction: (1) force transmission w...Figure 17.2 Illustration depicting the process by which fibronectin‐bound α5...Figure 17.3 The process of cell migration occurs by dynamic assembly of foca...Figure 17.4 Depiction of cell‐ECM interactions to (a) maintain homeostasis d...Figure 17.5 Bone mechanotransduction process associated with fluid flow thro...Figure 17.6 Effects of sericin hydrogel injection on cardiac remodeling and ...Figure 17.7 Electrophoretic analysis of effectiveness of electrospun PCL mem...Figure 17.8 Effect of substrate stiffening for guided tissue engineering of ...Figure 17.9 Effects of cyclic uniaxial stretching on expression of contracti...Figure 17.10 Representation of mechanosensing of extracellular stresses via ...

      18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Depiction of sequence of events of tissue inflammatory response ...Figure 18.2 Relative number of cells as a function of post‐wounding time, il...Figure 18.3 Process of neutrophil extravasation from microcirculation. Activ...Figure 18.4 Fluorescent detection of neutrophil accumulation at sites of inf...Figure 18.5 Illustration comparing the morphology of (a) nonactivated neutro...Figure 18.6 Mechanisms of formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)...Figure 18.7 Macrophage adhesion and accumulation on cellulose acetate membra...Figure 18.8 Assessment of adhesion of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) an...Figure 18.9 Depiction of pretreatment of stainless steel with sodium dodecyl...Figure 18.10 (a) Granulation tissue (arrow) at a surface wound showing chara...Figure 18.11 Depiction of transition from circulating monocyte to tissue mac...Figure 18.12 (a) Accumulation of acute and chronic inflammatory cells in tis...Figure 18.13 Depiction of phagocytic response of macrophages and foreign bod...Figure 18.14 (a) Comparison of internalization of C3 opsonized red blood cel...Figure 18.15 Photomicrograph of fibrous encapsulation around polydioxanone s...Figure 18.16 Depiction of removal of apoptotic neutrophils during the resolu...Figure 18.17 Extent of progression through inflammatory reactions to biomate...

      19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Artist model of the three‐dimensional structure of an immunoglob...Figure 19.2 Depiction of Y‐shaped structure of immunoglobulin IgG composed o...Figure 19.3 Properties of the five major classes of immunoglobulins.Figure 19.4 Depiction of steps by which macrophages phagocytize and process ...Figure 19.5 Two‐step process of differentiation and activation of B cells. (...Figure 19.6 Depiction of the differentiation of a B lymphocyte to a plasma c...Figure 19.7 Relative levels of specific antibody during primary and secondar...Figure 19.8 Two‐step