Materials for Biomedical Engineering. Mohamed N. Rahaman

in van der Waals bonding: (a) d...Figure 2.13 Illustration of (a) polarity of each covalent bond in the trichl...Figure 2.14 Schematic illustration of hydrogen bonds between water molecules...Figure 2.15 Illustration of the arrangement of water (H₂O) molecules in ice ...Figure 2.16 Schematic comparison of (a) van der Waals bonding between nonpol...Figure 2.17 Side groups in 20 naturally occurring α‐amino acids which can be...Figure 2.18 Illustration of (a) condensation reaction between two amino acid...Figure 2.19 Schematic illustration of the stereochemistry of the amide bond....Figure 2.20 Illustration of (a) α‐helix structure generated by intrachain hy...Figure 2.21 Illustration of β‐sheet structure generated by layering of polyp...Figure 2.22 Schematic illustration in two dimensions of the overall three‐di...Figure 2.23 Illustration of the main types of interactions between side grou...Figure 2.24 Illustration of chain folding of protein to form a globular thre...Figure 2.25 (a) Illustration of single α‐chain composed of the amino acid se...Figure 2.26 Schematic illustration of the structure of the modified amino ac...Figure 2.27 Illustrative example of quaternary structure of a protein compos...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Packing of atoms to give a simple cubic structure. (a) Single “sq...Figure 3.2 (a) Packing of “square” layers of atoms in ABAB pattern to give a...Figure 3.3 (a) Single “triangular” layer of atoms showing interstitial posit...Figure 3.4 (a) Packing of triangular layers of atoms in ABAB pattern to give...Figure 3.5 Geometry and parameters of a unit cell.Figure 3.6 The seven crystal systems and their parameters.Figure 3.7 The 14 Bravais lattices.Figure 3.8 Arrangement of sodium ions (Na⁺) and chlorine ions (Cl⁻) in...Figure 3.9 Illustration of (a) ordered arrangement of SiO₄ tetrahedra in cry...Figure 3.10 (a) Arrangement of atoms in a phosphate (PO₄)³⁻ ion; (b) a...Figure 3.11 Schematic representation of the structure of a sodium silicate g...Figure 3.12 Tetrahedral arrangement of covalent bonded carbon atoms in diamo...Figure 3.13 (a) Basic building block of graphite composed of a planar array ...Figure 3.14 Arrangement of carbon atoms in (a) graphene, (b) single‐walled c...Figure 3.15 Schematic representation of (a) random arrangement of macromolec...Figure 3.16 Schematic representation of the types of point defects in a crys...Figure 3.17 Major substituting ions and approximated formula of hydroxyapati...Figure 3.18 Schematic representation of a dislocation in a crystal and the d...Figure 3.19 Schematic representation of part of a perfect crystal (a) and th...Figure 3.20 Schematic representation of the movement of an edge dislocation ...Figure 3.21 Schematic representation of slip in a metal that is subjected to...Figure 3.22 Illustration of (a) the boundary region between two grains and (...Figure 3.23 Examples of microstructures of dense biomaterials. (a) Al₂O₃ sho...Figure 3.24 Examples of microstructures of porous biomaterials. (a) Bioactiv...Figure 3.25 Diagram illustrating the specification of lattice planes in a cr...Figure 3.26 Diagram illustrating the specification of lattice directions in ...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Different loading modes in mechanical testing of materials: (a) t...Figure 4.2 Schematic stress–strain curve to illustrate the distinction betwe...Figure 4.3 Schematic diagrams to illustrate two types of plastic deformation...Figure 4.4 Linear viscoelastic behavior of polymers. (a) In creep, a constan...Figure 4.5 Two alternative versions of the Zener model, also called the stan...Figure 4.6 Schematic stress–strain curves to illustrate the characteristic r...Figure 4.7 Schematic stress–strain curves to illustrate the characteristic r...Figure 4.8 Local stress σ_l as a function of distance x from the tip ...Figure 4.9 Geometrical model used in the Griffith theory of brittle fracture...Figure 4.10 Area under the stress–strain curve used as measure of the relati...Figure 4.11 Schematic representation of the fracture surface of a ductile me...Figure 4.12 Geometry of hardness test using a Vickers indenter consisting of...Figure 4.13 Data for the Young’s modulus as a function of porosity for a tit...Figure 4.14 The influence of grain size on the yield strength of a 70Cu–30Zn...Figure 4.15 Weibull plots for porous bioactive glass (BG) specimens in compr...Figure 4.16 Bar chart showing the range of electrical conductivity for diffe...Figure 4.17 Simplified explanation of the electrical conductivity of conduct...