Surgery of Exotic Animals. Группа авторов

other, the thumb and digits serve to stabilize one another. The thumb and digits should grasp the instrument about 2–3 cm from the tip of the instrument. This allows enough instrument to protrude from the hold for the instrument to be seen sufficiently in the field of view and provides stability to the end of the instrument, reducing tremor while permitting extension into the small body cavity of a bird, reptile, or fish.

References

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4 Invertebrate Surgery

       Gregory A. Lewbart

Introduction

      Invertebrates are a collection of animals unified by the lack of a vertebral column. While invertebrate animals comprise greater than 95% of the animal kingdom's species well over 95% of the literature pertaining to surgery deals with vertebrates.

      This chapter covers the current state of surgery on the most prominent invertebrate groups (sponges, coelenterates, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, horseshoe crabs, spiders, echinoderms, and urochordates). Since various taxa are largely unrelated and possess specialized anatomic and physiologic features, each taxon is handled separately and specific procedures reviewed and addressed accordingly.

      For reviews of anesthesia and analgesia please refer to Braun et al. (2006), Dombrowski and De Voe (2007), Cooper (2011), Andrews et al. (2013), Gunkel and Lewbart (2008), Mosley and Lewbart (2014), Fregin and Bickmeyer (2016), Butler‐Struben et al. (2018), and Archibald et al. (2019).

Porifera (Sponges)

      The phylum Porifera is a diverse group of primitive animals commonly