Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization of Supercritical and Subcritical Fluid Extraction Processes. Zainuddin A. Manan

CO₂ Extraction of Palm Oil 6.6 Sample Pretreatment 6.7 New Trends in Pretreatment 6.8 Optimal Pretreatment

      12  7 Supercritical and Subcritical Optimization 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Evaluation of Separation Performance 7.3 Parameter Optimization of Palm Oil Deacidification Process 7.4 Proposed Flowsheet for Palm Oil Refining Process 7.5 Conclusions Part II: ANN, GA Statistical Optimization 7.6 Introduction 7.7 Traditional Optimization 7.8 Nimbin Extraction Process Optimization 7.9 Genetic Algorithm for Mass Transfer Correlation Development 7.10 Optimizing Chamomile Extraction 7.11 Statistical and ANN Optimization 7.12 Conclusion

      13  Appendix A: Calculation of the Composition for Palm Oil TG (Lim et al. 2003 )

      14  Appendix B: Calculation of Distribution Coefficient and Separation Factor (Lim et al. 2003 )

      15  Appendix C: Calculation of Palm Oil Solubility in Supercritical CO2 (Lim et al. 2003 )

      16  References

      17  Index

      18  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Comparison of the properties of supercritical CO₂ and those of ord...Table 1.2 The advantages and disadvantages of solubility measurement using t...Table 1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used SCFs.Table 1.4 Various solvent as SFs with critical properties.Table 1.5 Physical properties of some common solvents (Corr 2002 ).Table 1.6 Dielectric constants and dipole moments for various solvents.

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 List of algorithms.Table 2.2 Degree of membership for height example.

      3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Changes in fatty acid composition of lipid classes at different st...Table 3.2 Triglycerides composition (wt %) of Malaysian palm oil.Table 3.3 Typical fatty acid composition of Malaysian palm oil.Table 3.4 Contents of various components in the unsaponifiable fraction for ...Table 3.5 Methods of refining of crude vegetable oils.Table 3.6 Specifications for crude palm oil and refined palm oil.

      4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Composition of triglycerides in palm oil.Table 4.2 Phase equilibrium data of palm oil related component‐CO₂ system.Table 4.3 Pure component parameters for the extended Antoine equation.Table 4.4 Predicted physical properties of pure components in palm oil.Table 4.5 Optimal parameters for the RKA model for the tripalmitin (1) – sup...Table 4.6 Optimal parameters for the RKA model for the triolein (1)– supercr...Table 4.7 Optimal parameters for the RKA model for the oleic acid (1) – supe...Table 4.8 Optimal parameters for the RKA model for the α‐tocopherol (1) – su...Table 4.9 Optimal parameters for the RKA model for the β‐carotene (1) – supe...Table 4.10 Temperature‐dependent polar factors and binary interaction parame...Table 4.11 Comparison of predicted phase equilibrium for a palm oil – CO₂ sy...Table 4.12 Comparison of results obtained from simulation (this work) and ex...

      5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Operational condition for four experiments.Table 5.2 Available data of Re, Sc, and Sh numbers.Table 5.3 Statistical performance of a designed black box.Table 5.4 Statistical performance of all four models.Table 5.5 Levels of independent variables used in RSM design.Table 5.6 Box–Behnken experimental design and validation.Table 5.7 Statistical model parameters and validation.Table 5.8 ANOVA analysis for Eq. 5.14.Table 5.9 Parameters of the best ANN network during training process.Table 5.10 Comparison of the ANN prediction with RSM for training data.Table 5.11 Level of extraction process variables.Table 5.12 Box–Behnken design with coded/actual values and results.Table 5.13 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the response surface model.Table 5.14 Comparison of different ANN networks.Table 5.15 DOE for passion fruit seed oil extraction.Table 5.16 Levels of independent variables used in RSM design.Table 5.17 RSM model parameters and validation.Table 5.18 Parameters of the best network.Table 5.19 Comparison of the ANN with RSM for testing data.

      6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Treatment and coded levels of the independent variables for CCD.Table 6.2 Experimental design from RSM for the palm oil yield (g oil/g sampl...Table 6.3 Regression coefficient for palm oil yield.Table 6.4 ANOVA for quadratic model.Table 6.5 Characteristics of CO₂ and R134a at several pressures and temperat...Table 6.6 Costs comparison between CO₂ and R134a.

      7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Nonlinear inequality constraints for SFE palm oil refining.Table 7.2 Bounds for optimization variables.Table 7.3 Optimum operating conditions for simple countercurrent process.Table 7.4 Bounds for optimization variables.Table 7.5 Optimum operating conditions for countercurrent SFE with external ...Table 7.6 Composition of the product obtained from a countercurrent extracti...Table 7.7 Operating variables and constraints.Table 7.8 Optimum operating condition from sensitivity analysis.Table 7.9 Comparison of the ANN prediction with RSM for training data.Table 7.10 Experimental range and levels of independent variables.

      8 Appendix BTable B.1 Multicomponent data transformed to a CO₂‐free basis.

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A typical P‐T diagram for a pure component.Figure 1.2 An example of phase diagram of pure substance indicating a point ...Figure 1.3 Reduced density–reduced pressure including several reduced temper...Figure 1.4 Relative solvent power and diffusion characteristics of liquids, ...Figure 1.5 Phase diagram of a pure material and the thermodynamic states of ...Figure 1.6 Flow diagram of a separation process.Figure 1.7 Schematic of a SFE process.Figure 1.8 Decaffeination of coffee beans