Wetlands Conservation. Группа авторов

and Relevance

       Rohit Rattan*1, Bharti Sharma2, Rakesh Kumar3, Vijay Saigal4, and Sudeep Shukla5

       1 Western Himalayas Conservation Programme, World Wide Fund for Nature India, New Delhi, India

       2 School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India

       3 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

       4 Department of Law, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

       5 Environment Pollution Analysis Lab, Bhiwadi, Alwar, Rajasthan, India

       * Rohit Rattan, Email: [email protected]

2.1 Background

Wetlands are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on the Earth. They occur where the water table is at or near the surface of the land or where the land is covered by shallow water (Ramsar Convention Secretariat 2011). In wetlands, water is the primary factor that controls the associated biotic and abiotic environment. Wetlands offer multiple benefits, including ecological as well as socioeconomic, to humans and other biota. They provide habitats to as many as 20% of the planet’s various life‐forms (Gopal 1977). The major civilizations have emerged and flourished along the fertile floodplains of some of the largest river systems of the world like Indus, Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris, and often wetlands are called “the cradle of human civilization” (Grist 1975). The wide range of ecosystem services that the diverse types of wetlands provide have been classified into four types, i.e. provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). The wetlands are often referred to as “biological supermarkets,” owing to their high primary productivity, rich biodiversity and hosting of intricately woven food webs (Gawler 2000; Prasad et al. 2002). Despite the multiple intangible benefits they offer, the true worth of the wetland services has never really been accounted for. The overexploitation, degradation, and conversion of wetlands around the world have probably been going on ever since humans have found access to them. Unfortunately, of all‐natural ecosystems, wetland ecosystems have suffered the most (Davidson et al. 2005). Studies have revealed that the wetlands around the world had degraded by about 87% since 1700 in data‐existing regions, with a majority of this degradation occurring in the twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries (Gawler 2000). In Europe, their thoughtless conversion has been going on since the times of the Romans (Davidson et al. 1991); in North America and southern Africa since the seventeenth century (Dahl 1990; Kotze et al. 1995); and in China, for at least last 2000 years (An et al. 2007). It has been estimated that at least 50% of valuable wetland ecosystems have been lost since 1900 (Dugan 1993; OECD 1996; Mitsch and Gosselink 2015; and Ramsar Convention Bureau 2015). In fact, around 35% of the wetland area has been lost between 1970 and 2015 (Gardner and Finlayson 2018). In terms of economic value, Costanza et al. (2014) estimated an annual loss of 9.9 trillion dollars in the value of marsh wetland ecosystem services over a period of 14 years from 1997 to 2011 (Costanza et al. 2014).

      Though the wetland conversion and their corresponding decline have been going on for centuries, it was only in the early part of the twentieth century that their significance was realized and, consequently, deliberations toward their conservation began to gain strength. In North America, many researchers started raising their concerns on waterfowl decline as a result of wetland drainage since the 1920s (Schmidt 2006). In Europe, the conservationists had been projecting the issues of wetland degradation from the early 1960s (Hoffmann 1964; Swift 1964). This prompted the IUCN to launch the MAR Project (from “MARshes,” “MARécages,” and “MARismas”) for the conservation and management of wetlands in the early 1960s. The project MAR was conceived during the MAR conference held in French Camargue from 12 to 16 November 1962 (Hoffmann 1964; Ramsar Convention Secretariat 2011). The recommendations made during the MAR conference later paved the way for the establishment of an international convention on wetlands at the Ramsar Convention in 1971 (Matthews 1993; Ramsar Convention Secretariat 2011; Davidson 2014).

2.2 The Ramsar Convention

      After the MAR conference in 1962, a series of meetings were held in different parts of the world such as St. Andrews (1963), Noordwijk (1966), Morges (1967), Leningrad (1968), Vienna (1969), Moscow (1969), Espoo (1970), and Knokke (1970). During these eight years of deliberations, the official document for “Convention on Wetlands of International Importance” was finalized. The Convention was initially scheduled to be organized at the city of Babolsar in Iran, but the venue was later shifted to the resort town of Ramsar located on the shores of the Caspian Sea and having better connectivity and access to logistics (Carp 1972; Matthews 1993). The Ramsar Convention was organized on 2 February 1971 by the Game and Fish Department of Iran. The Ramsar Convention was officially named “The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat.” The convention was attended by official delegates from 18 nations which included Germany, India, Iran, Ireland, Jordan, the Netherlands, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the USSR, and the United Kingdom. Observers from five other countries, namely Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, and Romania, also attended the convention. In addition, delegates from various intergovernmental agencies (like FAO and UNESCO) and nongovernmental organizations (like CIC, IBP, ICBP, IUCN, IWRB, and WWF) were also among those who attended the convention (Matthews 1993; Ramsar Convention Secretariat 2011).

The treaty was agreed on 2 February 1971 and signed by the representatives of 18 nations on 3 February 1971. As per terms laid down in convention, the Ramsar Convention would come into force only after being ratified by at least seven countries, which was fulfilled in December 1975 upon ratification by Greece (Matthews 1993). In the subsequent years, as the concerns about wetland conservation gained momentum, more nations joined the Ramsar Convention. As of October 2019, there are 171 members of the Ramsar Convention with a global count of 2390 Ramsar sites spread over an area of more than 2.5 million km² (Ramsar Sites Information System 2020). The goal of Ramsar Convention emphasizes that “the loss of wetlands, any further, would be irreparable,” to people, and aims to “stem the loss and degradation of wetlands now and in the future,” through the wise‐use of all wetlands; designation and management of Wetlands of International Importance (“Ramsar Sites”) and international cooperation (Davidson 2014).

2.3 The Convention Text

      The original official text of the Ramsar Convention, agreed upon and adopted by the contracting parties of the convention, was signed on 2 February 1971. Since its adoption, the convention has undergone modification on two occasions, first by the Paris Protocol and later by Regina Amendments. Paris protocol was adopted during an Extraordinary Conference of Parties (COP) held at UNESCO headquarters in Paris in December 1982 and came into force in 1986. The Paris Protocol is known for recognizing the need for and adopting a procedure for amending the convention. The protocol added Article 10bis which lays down the process to bring amendments to the convention. The Regina Amendments were a series of amendments to Articles 6 and 7 that were accepted at an Extraordinary Conference of the Contracting Parties held in Regina, Canada, on 28 May 1987 (Matthews 1993). These amendments did not alter the fundamental structure and guiding principles of the convention, rather these were related to the convention’s operation. They defined the powers of the Conference of the Parties, established an intersessional Standing Committee, established a permanent secretariat, and set up a budget for the Convention. Regina amendments came into force in May 1994. The treaty’s current text has been subdivided into 13 articles (i.e. articles 1–10, article 10bis, and articles 11 and 12).

2.4 Wetland Definition and Classification

The term “wetland” represents a host of ecosystems inundated by water for a certain period of the year and possessing characteristics unique to wetland ecosystems. While there have been many definitions proposed by many scientists/researchers but the most versatile and widely accepted definition