Overcoming Internet Addiction For Dummies. David N. Greenfield

and electronics, so computers and the Internet fit right in. I believe it was this coalescence between my interest in electronics, addiction medicine, and human sexual behavior that offered a perfect combination for my newly developing specialty in Internet and technology addiction.

      In the earlier days of the Internet, I collaborated with a colleague, Dr. Alvin Cooper, on some articles and publications on the interaction between the Internet and sexual behavior. Dr. Cooper was an early pioneer in research on the addictive nature of the Internet as well as Internet sexuality. Around this time, I read a paper written by the late Dr. Kimberly Young, who published the results of a small pilot study comparing Internet addiction to pathological gambling (the medical diagnostic term for gambling addiction). In her study, she identified several factors that seemed to play a role in the addictive nature of the Internet. I was intrigued, and shortly after, I embarked on a partnership with ABC News to develop and publish the results of the first large-scale study on Internet addiction.

      Research in psychiatry and behavioral science is an arduous process and involves attracting subjects to study, so we decided to develop a broad and statistically sound survey that would be posted online for people to complete and that would give us an idea of what they were doing and experiencing online. There are, of course, limitations to a self-selected and self-reported study, but it was a first step. So, in 1997 the study finally went up on the ABC News servers, and in less than two weeks, we had over 18,000 responses. Some subjects were thrown out, but even with these rejections, this was an unheard-of response and gave us thousands of lines of data to look at, thus beginning an entirely new subspecialty of behavioral addiction medicine for me. I often tell doctors and clinicians whom I train that my specialty sort of found me, as opposed to me choosing it.

      It took months to analyze the data, which led to a journal publication and resulted in my 1999 book entitled Virtual Addiction. At the time of my research, only one book had been published on the subject and there was almost no research; today, there are hundreds of books on the subject, and you can find nearly a thousand research studies and clinical papers on it. In short, we know a lot more about the Internet than we did in the mid-1990s.

      The result of my original research (which has since been supported) is that yes, the Internet and the portals through which we consume it are clearly addictive. It is well accepted that Internet addiction and video game addiction are legitimate diagnoses, which, in 2019, led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare Gaming Disorder an official medical diagnosis to be included in its upcoming ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision), which is the leading manual for all medical diagnoses used in healthcare.

What time distortion tells us is that the Internet digital drug is powerful and can alter our perceptions. The reason for this appears to be, in part, that the Internet and screens hyper-focus our attention while interactively distracting us — while transmitting stimulating and intoxicating content at the same time. When you couple all of this with variable rewards, you can see how a person can become stuck online and get lost in cyberspace.

      

Digital drug delivery is very similar to the way drugs are consumed and metabolized in our bodies. The shorter the time between introducing an intoxicating drug or behavior into our nervous system and subsequent intoxication, the more addictive that drug or behavior is. This is because our nervous system is very responsive to the brevity of time between stimulation and intoxication — in essence, this is classical conditioning. The shorter the time that passes between when you click and then see, find, or play something online that is desirable to you, the more addictive potential it has. This speed factor likely means there are potential negative implications to faster processor speeds and high-speed Internet access connections — in this sense, faster may not always be better.

      Giving you the world online: The illusion of online productivity

      The Internet seems to create an illusion of productivity. Perhaps this is in part because we use our screens so much for school and work (and during the COVID pandemic, even more so). The problem is that the Internet doesn’t actually increase productivity when you factor in all the wasted and unproductive time we spend on our screens. This is not to mention all the glitches, lost passwords, Internet outages, and other technical difficulties that we experience. There are estimates that 80 percent of the time we spend online is not for productive purposes, and much of the time we spend online is related to surfing or scrolling around, social media, pornography, video gaming, sports, shopping, or other intoxicating behaviors that devour time and attention without our being aware of it.

The Good (or Bad) Stuff: Factors Involving Content

My research found that part of the appeal in accounting for the addictive nature of the Internet was an interaction between stimulating content and the process of Internet delivery of that content. It seems that the interaction between the attractiveness of any content can be amplified using the Internet modality. I call this synergistic amplification (a mouthful). It is as if online content were the drug, and the Internet delivery mechanism was the hypodermic delivering that drug to our nervous system. It is this amplification that gives the Internet some of its power and potency, as you find out in this section.

      Finding out about content intoxication

      What is content intoxication? This involves understanding how varying forms of content, when consumed via the Internet, have greater power to elevate mood and instigate changes in the reward center of the brain. Many of these forms of content, such as shopping, stock trading, gambling, video gaming, and porn, existed prior to the Internet and were quite pleasurable (and potentially addictive), but when consumed through the Internet medium, they become even more intoxicating and addictive.

      For example, pornography has been around for quite some time and certainly existed before we had the Internet. It was always stimulating to look at it, when viewing it in books, magazines, films, photos, or on videotapes and DVDs. But when the Internet became more widely available in the early to mid-1990s, it was a new ball game. The ease of access, availability, anonymity, disinhibition, and convenience all coalesced to produce an immersive experience unlike previous forms of media or communication. The Internet allows for endless variety, privacy, and interactivity in a way never seen before. This was content on steroids, and thus began an entirely new type of addiction. (Chapter 9 has more information on pornography online.)

      

The Internet amplifies the power of anything it broadcasts in a new and different way, and it happens without your knowing that your brain is slowly being conditioned — just as if you were playing a slot machine. Rewarding and stimulating behaviors are one thing, but when provided via an Internet platform, they become quite another.

      Mixing stimulating content and digital devices

      Why would a video game be more addictive when played on a computer or gaming platform connected to the Internet? In a word or two: variability and interactivity. The Internet allows people to play games with other people, and this, along with speed, variation, privacy, and ease of access, makes it entirely new. Digital devices, when connected to the Internet, make content much more personally accessible — to a point where the line between normal and excessive use can easily become blurred.

All forms of content consumed on the Internet are amplified and intensified. This is true whether we’re talking about shopping, investing in stocks, gambling, video gaming, and most certainly pornography. Even searching for information becomes a new experience I call infotainment. Who would have thought that surfing YouTube, Reddit, Wikipedia, or a variety of apps or websites could be fun? But the interactivity, speed, perceived anonymity, and ease of access put simple information on steroids. The