Leviathan. Thomas Hobbes

To The End, Containeth Right To The Means No Covenant With Beasts Nor With God Without Speciall Revelation No Covenant, But Of Possible And Future Covenants How Made Voyd Covenants Extorted By Feare Are Valide The Former Covenant To One, Makes Voyd The Later To Another A Mans Covenant Not To Defend Himselfe, Is Voyd No Man Obliged To Accuse Himselfe The End Of An Oath; The Forme Of As Oath No Oath, But By God An Oath Addes Nothing To The Obligation CHAPTER XV. OF OTHER LAWES OF NATURE The Third Law Of Nature, Justice Justice And Injustice What Justice Not Contrary To Reason Covenants Not Discharged By The Vice Of The Person To Whom Made Justice Of Men, And Justice Of Actions What Justice Of Manners, And Justice Of Actions Nothing Done To A Man, By His Own Consent Can Be Injury Justice Commutative, And Distributive The Fourth Law Of Nature, Gratitude The Fifth, Mutuall accommodation, or Compleasance The Sixth, Facility To Pardon The Seventh, That In Revenges, Men Respect Onely The Future Good The Eighth, Against Contumely The Ninth, Against Pride The Tenth Against Arrogance The Eleventh Equity The Twelfth, Equall Use Of Things Common The Thirteenth, Of Lot The Fourteenth, Of Primogeniture, And First Seising The Fifteenth, Of Mediators The Sixteenth, Of Submission To Arbitrement The Seventeenth, No Man Is His Own Judge The Eighteenth, No Man To Be Judge, That Has In Him Cause Of Partiality The Nineteenth, Of Witnesse A Rule, By Which The Laws Of Nature May Easily Be Examined The Lawes Of Nature Oblige In Conscience Alwayes, The Laws Of Nature Are Eternal; And Yet Easie The Science Of These Lawes, Is The True Morall Philosophy CHAPTER XVI. OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED Person Naturall, And Artificiall The Word Person, Whence Actor, Author; Authority Covenants By Authority, Bind The Author But Not The Actor The Authority Is To Be Shewne Things Personated, Inanimate Irrational False Gods The True God A Multitude Of Men, How One Person Every One Is Author An Actor May Be Many Men Made One By Plurality Of Voyces Representatives, When The Number Is Even, Unprofitable Negative Voyce PART II. OF COMMON-WEALTH CHAPTER XVII. OF THE CAUSES, GENERATION, AND DEFINITION OF A The End Of Common-wealth, Particular Security Which Is Not To Be Had From The Law Of Nature: Nor From The Conjunction Of A Few Men Or Familyes Nor From A Great Multitude, Unlesse Directed By One Judgement And That Continually Why Certain Creatures Without Reason, Or Speech, Do Neverthelesse Live In Society, Without Any Coercive Power The Generation Of A Common-wealth The Definition Of A Common-wealth Soveraigne, And Subject, What CHAPTER XVIII. OF THE RIGHTS OF SOVERAIGNES BY INSTITUTION The Act Of Instituting A Common-wealth, What The Consequences To Such Institution, Are I. The Subjects Cannot Change The Forme Of Government From this Institution of a Common-wealth are derived all the Rights, and 2. Soveraigne Power Cannot Be Forfeited 3. No Man Can Without Injustice Protest Against The 4. The Soveraigns Actions Cannot Be Justly Accused By The Subject 5. What Soever The Soveraigne Doth, Is Unpunishable By The Subject 6. The Soveraigne Is Judge Of What Is Necessary For The Peace And Judge Of What Doctrines Are Fit To Be Taught Them 7. The Right Of Making Rules, Whereby The Subject May 8. To Him Also Belongeth The Right Of All Judicature 9. And Of Making War, And Peace, As He Shall Think Best: 10. And Of Choosing All Counsellours, And Ministers, 11. And Of Rewarding, And Punishing, And That (Where No 12. And Of Honour And Order These Rights Are Indivisible And Can By No Grant Passe Away Without Direct The Power And Honour Of Subjects Vanisheth In The Presence Soveraigne Power Not Hurtfull As The Want Of It, CHAPTER XIX. OF THE SEVERALL KINDS OF COMMON-WEALTH BY INSTITUTION, The Different Formes Of Common-wealths But Three Tyranny And Oligarchy, But Different Names Of Monarchy, And Aristocracy Subordinate Representatives Dangerous Comparison Of Monarchy, With Soveraign Assemblyes Of The Right Of Succession Succession Passeth By Expresse Words; Or, By Not Controlling A Custome; Or,