On Temporal and Spiritual Authority. Robert Bellarmine

Nestorianism’s insistence on Christ’s double person and held that Christ’s human nature was incorporated by his divine nature so as to almost disappear.

      Evagrius (d. after 594), called “Scholasticus” to distinguish him from Evagrius Ponticus, a fourth-century author of important ascetical works. He wrote a Historia ecclesiastica, which was intended as a continuation of Eusebius’s Historia.

      Faber Runcinus, Johannes (Jean Faure) (d. ca. 1340), jurist and author of a series of commentaries on Justinian’s Institutiones and of a Breviarium on Justinian’s Code.

      Felino Maria Sandeo (Felinus) (ca. 1444-1503), professor of canon law in Ferrara and Pisa and author of a series of commentaries on the Liber extra (cf. Raymond of Peñafort).

      Fitzralph, Richard (Armachanus) (ca. 1295-1360), archbishop of Armagh and author of Summa in quaestionibus Armenorum, a treatise against Greek and Armenian doctrines, and of De pauperie salvatoris, on poverty.

      Gaguin, Robert (ca. 1433-1501), French humanist and historian of France.

      Galen (second century), Greek physician and natural philosopher.

      Gambari, Pietro Andrea (Gambarinus) (1480-1528), professor of canon law in Bologna and author of several juridical treatises.

      Gaudentius (end of fourth century to beginning of fifth century), Donatist bishop of Thamugada.

      Gelasius I (d. 496), pope and saint, prolific author whose letters are frequently referred to by Bellarmine.

      Gellius, Aulus (second century), Roman author of the multivolume Noctes Atticae, an eclectic collection of anecdotes and miscellaneous information.

      Génebrard, Gilbert (1535-97), Benedictine monk and professor of Hebrew in Paris who first opposed, then endorsed, the accession of Henri of Navarre to the throne of France. He was the author of numerous works of ecclesiology and exegesis, including an edition of the works of Origen.

      Gennadius (late sixth century), Roman nobleman who was appointed prefect of the African province of the Roman empire by Emperor Mauritius and who was one of Gregory I’s correspondents.

      Gentile, Giovanni Valentino (1520-66), Italian humanist who propagated antitrinitarian doctrines in central and eastern Europe. He was executed in Berne.

      Geoffrey of Viterbo (ca. 1120-96), member of the court of Emperor Henry VI and author of historical works and a Speculum regum, dedicated to Henry and his father, Frederick.

      Gerson, Jean (1363-1429), theologian and chancellor of the University of Paris. He was a supporter of the conciliarist theory at the Council of Constance and is the author of De potestate Ecclesiae, De unitate Ecclesiae, De vita spirituali animae, and other works.

      Giles of Rome (Aegidius Romanus) (Egidio Colonna) (ca. 1247-1316), Augustinian monk, general of Augustinian Order (1292-95), and professor of theology at Paris. He was closely linked to Pope Boniface VIII, who conferred on him the title of archbishop of Bourges and whose political and theological positions Giles defended in De regimine principum and De ecclesiastica potestate, which became a key reference for the following debates on papal authority.

      Giovanni of Anagni (d. ca. 1457), professor of canon law in Bologna and author of influential commentaries on the Decretales.

      Glycas, Michael (twelfth century), Byzantine historian who wrote a chronicle from the creation to the death of Emperor Alexius Comnenus.

      Gratian (ca. 359-83), Roman emperor.

      Gratian (d. before 1150), jurist from Bologna and author of a compilation of texts known as the Concordia discordantium canonum, or Decretum Gratiani, which constitutes the bulk of canon law.

      Gregory I (Gregory the Great) (ca. 540-604), pope from 590 onward, was extremely influential in asserting the religious, political, and social power of the Church after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. He was instrumental in converting the king of the Lombards. He was the author of many commentaries on the Bible, especially the much cited Moralia on the Book of Job, and of an equally well-known treatise on the duties of bishops, De cura pastorali or Liber regulae pastoralis.

      Gregory VII (Hildebrand of Soana) (ca. 1020-85), pope from 1073 and protagonist in the investiture controversy against Emperor Henry IV. He was also the supposed author of the Dictatus papae (1075), a series of propositions that strongly assert the preeminence of the pope both within the Church and with respect to the political authority, and of numerous epistles.

      Gregory of Nazianzus (ca. 325-89), saint and Doctor of the Church. His works include several orations which Bellarmine quotes often, as well as poetic works.

      Gregory of Tours (ca. 538-ca. 94), saint and bishop. He wrote theological and historical works; among the latter his Historia Francorum is often quoted by Bellarmine.

      Gregory of Valencia (ca. 1540-1603), Jesuit professor of theology in Ingolstadt and Rome and author of a very influential commentary on Aquinas’s Summa, the Commentariorum theologicorum tomi quatuor (1591). He was closely involved in the controversy de auxiliis, as the chosen spokesman for the Jesuit position in the early phase of the controversy.

      Henry II (972-1024), Holy Roman Emperor and saint.

      Henry IV (1050-1108), Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Gregory VII in 1076 in the context of the investiture controversy.

      Henry of Ghent (d. 1293), a Scholastic philosopher and theologian whose many works include a Summa (incomplete) and a series of Quodlibeta.

      Hermann Contractus (1013-54), monk and author of a universal chronicle as well as a variety of theological, poetical, and mathematical works.

      Hervé de Nedellec (Hervaeus Natalis) (ca. 1260-1323), general of the Dominicans and author of the hierocratic treatise De potestate ecclesiastica papali.

      Hessels, Jean (Joannes from Louvain) (1522-66), theologian and author of many works of controversy against Protestants, as well as a catechism.

      Hilary of Poitiers (d. 368), bishop and saint, vigorous opponent of Arianism and author of several exegetical and apologetic works.

      Hincmar (ca. 806-82), archbishop of Reims and author of several theological, devotional, and historical works.

      Holcot, Robert (ca. 1290-1349), English Dominican theologian and author of a well-known commentary on the Book of Wisdom.

      Honorius (d. 423), Roman emperor. He was the son of Theodosius I, who, at his death in 395, divided the empire into western and eastern parts and gave Honorius the western part.

      Hosius of Cordova (ca. 256-358), bishop and one of the most important and vocal opponents of the Arian heresy although he was rumored to have slipped into philo-Arian positions late in life.

      Hostiensis (Henricus de Segusio) (d. 1271), cardinal bishop of Ostia and professor of canon law in Paris. He was the author of a number of theological and juridical works, including a Summa and a series of commentaries on canon law.

      Hugh of St. Victor (ca. 1096-1141), monk and theologian whose works include De sacramentis Christianae fidei, in which he explained his theory that the ecclesia should be distinguished from the order of the clergy, as an organism composed of both laymen and clergy, just as man is composed of body and soul. As the soul must rule the body, so in the ecclesia the ecclesiastical part must rule, and even establish, the secular part.

      Hydatius (fourth century), bishop of Mérida and one of the opponents of the heretic Priscillian.

      Illyricus, Matthias Flacius (1520-75), Lutheran reformer and one of the most influential historians among the Centuriators of Magdeburg, authors of the Ecclesiastica historia (the “Magdeburg Centuries”).

      Innocent I (d. 417), pope and author of many epistles to which Bellarmine often refers.

      Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi) (d. 1254), pope and professor of canon law in Bologna. He was the author of