The Law of Nations. Emer de Vattel

122. Definition of the term, “country,”

123. How shameful and criminal to injure our country,

124. The glory of good citizens.—Examples,

CHAPTER XII Of Piety and Religion.

125. Piety,

126. It ought to be attended with knowledge,

127. Religion, internal and external,

128. Rights of individuals:—liberty of conscience,

129. Public establishment of religion:—rights and duties of the nation,

130. when there is as yet no established religion,

131. when there is an established religion,

132. Duties and rights of the sovereign with respect to religion,

133. where there is an established religion,

134. Objects of his care, and the means he ought to employ,

135. Toleration,

136. How the prince is to act when the nation is resolved to change her religion,

137. Difference of religion does not deprive a prince of his crown,

138. Duties and rights of the sovereign reconciled with those of the subjects,

139. The sovereign ought to have the inspection of the affairs of religion, and authority over those who teach it,

140. He is bound to prevent the abuse of the established religion,

141. His authority over the ministers of religion,

142. Nature of that authority,

143. Rule to be observed with respect to ecclesiastics,

144. Recapitulation of the reasons which establish the sovereign’s rights in matters of religion, 64—Authorities and examples,

145. Pernicious consequences of the contrary opinion,

146. Abuses particularised.—1. The power of the popes,

147. 2. Important employments conferred by a foreign power,

148. 3. Powerful subjects dependent on a foreign court,

149. 4. Celibacy of the priests:—Convents,

150. 5. Enormous pretensions of the clergy:— Preeminence,

151. 6. Independence, immunities,

152. 7. Immunity of church possessions,

153. 8. Excommunication of men in office,

154. 9. and of sovereigns themselves,

155. 10. The clergy drawing every thing to themselves, and interrupting the course of justice, <xxvii>

156. 11. Money drawn to Rome,

157. 12. Laws and customs inimical to the welfare of states,

CHAPTER XIII Of Justice and Polity.

158. A nation is bound to make justice flourish,

159. to establish good laws,

160. to enforce them,

161. Functions and duties of the prince in that respect,

162. How he is to dispense justice,

163. His duty to appoint upright and enlightened judges,

164. The ordinary courts should determine causes relating to the revenue,

165. Necessary to establish supreme courts, from whose sentence there shall be no appeal,

166.