Изобретение новостей. Как мир узнал о самом себе. Эндрю Петтигри

Rublack, The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 16–19.

      11

      Matthew Lundin, Paper Memory: A Sixteenth-Century Townsman Writes his World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).

      12

      Там же, с. 243.

      13

      Ниже, глава 5.

      14

      Andrew Pettegree, The Book in the Renaissance (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2010).

      15

      Ниже, глава 4.

      16

      Ниже, глава 7.

      17

      Allyson Creasman, Censorship and Civic Order in Reformation Germany, 1517–1648 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012).

      18

      Jan Bloemendal, Peter G. F. Eversmann and Else Strietman (eds), Drama, Performance and Debate: Theatre and Public Opinion in the Early Modern Period (Leiden: Brill, 2013); и ниже в примечаниях к главе 12.

      19

      По-французски publier. См. Kate van Orden, ‘Cheap Print and Street Song Following the Saint Bartholomew’s Massacres of 1572’, in van Orden (ed.), Music and the Cultures of Print (New York: Garland Publishing, 2000), pp. 271–323.

      20

      Maximilian Novak, Daniel Defoe, Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

      21

      Ниже, глава 15.

      22

      Larry Silver, Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).

      23

      Wolfgang Behringer, Thurn und Taxis: Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen (Munich: Piper, 1990); idem,Im Zeichen des Merkur: ReichspostundKommunikationsrevolution in der Fruhen Neuzeit (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003).

      24

      A. M. Ramsay, ‘A Roman Postal Service under the Republic’, Journal of Roman Studies, 10 (1920), pp. 79–86.

      25

      Alan K. Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People, 2nd edn (London: British Museum, 2003); Anthony Birley, Garrison Life at Vindolanda (Stroud: History Press, 2007).

      26

      Alan K. Bowman and Greg Woolf, Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Greg Woolf, ‘Monumental Writing and the Expansion of Roman Society in the Early Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 86 (1996), pp. 22–39.

      27

      M. T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979).

      28

      Там же, с. 261.

      29

      Jurg Zulliger, ‘“Ohne Kommunikation wurde Chaos herrschen”: Zur Bedeutung von Informationsaustauch, Briefverkehr und Boten bei Bernhard von Clairvaux’, Archiv fur Kulturgeschichte, 78 (1996), pp. 251-76.

      30

      Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (London: Hambledon, 2004), p. 21.

      31

      Там же, с. 13.

      32

      J. K. Hyde, ‘Italian Pilgrim Literature in the Late Middle Ages’, in his Literacy and its Uses: Studies on Late Medieval Italy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 136-61.

      33

      Sophia Menache, The Vox Dei: Communication in the Middle Ages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 116.

      34

      Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750 (New York: Zone, 2001).

      35

      Hyde, ‘Ethnographers in Search of an Audience’, in his Literacy and its Uses, pp. 162–216.

      36

      Jonathan Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion (London: Faber, 1975), p. 257; Debra Birch, ‘Jacques de Vitry and the Ideology of Pilgrimage’, in J. Stopford (ed.), Pilgrimage Explored (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 1999).

      37

      Dianna Webb, Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West (London: I. B. Tauris, 2001); Sumption, Pilgrimage.

      38

      Albert Kapr, Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention (London: Scolar Press, 1996), pp. 71-5.

      39

      Debra Birch, Pilgrimage to Rome in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1998).

      40

      Peter Spufford, Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), p. 23.

      41

      О посольской корреспонденции идет речь ниже в главе 5.

      42

      Yves Renouard, ‘Comment les papes d’Avignon expediaient leur courrier’, Revue historique, 180 (1937), pp. 1-29; idem, The Avignon Papacy, 1305–1403 (London: Faber, 1970); Anne-Marie Hayez, ‘Les courriers des papes d’Avignon sous Innocent VI et Urbain V (1352–1370)’, in La circulation des nouvelles au moyen age (Paris: Sorbonne, 1994), pp. 37–46.

      43

      Renouard, ‘Les papes d’Avignon’, pp. 20-3.

      44

      Письмо, предназначенное для Рима, написанное 3 марта 1321 года, отправилось из Авиньона только 18 апреля. Письмо в Венецию, написанное 6 октября 1321 г., отправилось 31 октября. Отправка письма в Пуатье в 1360 г. была отложена на два месяца. Renouard, ‘Les papes d’Avignon’, p. 28.

      45

      Suzanne Budelot, Messageries universitaires