The American Indian as Participant in the Civil War. Annie Heloise Abel

4. Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 781-782; Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 105.

5. —Ibid., vol. viii, 734.

6. It is doubtful if even this ought to be conceded in view of the fact that President Davis later admitted that Van Dorn entered upon the Pea Ridge campaign for the sole purpose of effecting "a diversion in behalf of General Johnston" [Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, vol. ii, 51]. Moreover, Van Dorn had scarcely been assigned to the command of the Trans-Mississippi District before Beauregard was devising plans for bringing him east again [Greene, The Mississippi, II; Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard, vol. i, 240-244].

7. Abel, American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist, 225-226 and footnote 522.

8. Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 679.

9. The name of Montgomery was not one for even Indians to conjure with. James Montgomery was the most notorious of bushwhackers. For an account of some of his earlier adventures, see Spring, Kansas, 241, 247-250, and for a characterization of the man himself, Robinson, Kansas Conflict, 435.

10. Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 682.

11. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 229-230.

12. Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 698-699.

13. —Ibid., 687.

14. —Ibid., 691.

15. Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 721.

16. —Ibid., 720.

17. —Ibid., 727.

18. Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 816-817.

19. Ibid., 762.

20. —Ibid., vol. viii, 725.

21. —Ibid., 701.

22. Wright, General Officers of the Confederate Army, 33, 67.

23. Official Records, vol. viii, 702.

24. Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States, vol. i, 637.

25. Formby, American Civil War, 129.

26. Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 767, 774.

27. Van Dora's protection, if given, was given to little purpose; for the mines were soon abandoned [Britton, Memoirs of the Rebellion on the Border, 1863, 120].

28. Official Records, vol. viii, 734.

29. —Ibid., 745.

30. —Ibid., 690.

31. Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, vol. i, 105.

32. The official report of Commissioner Pike, in manuscript, and bearing his signature, is to be found in the Adjutant-general's office of the U.S. War Department.

33. Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 764.

34. —Ibid, 770.

35. —Ibid, 764.

36. Britton, Memoirs of the Rebellion on the Border, 72.

37. Official Records, vol. viii, 286.

38. The provision in the treaties to the effect that the alliance consummated between the Indians and the Confederate government was to be both offensive and defensive must not be taken too literally or be construed so broadly as to militate against this fact: for to its truth Pike, when in distress later on and accused of leading a horde of tomahawking villains, repeatedly bore witness. The keeping back of a foe, bent upon regaining Indian Territory or of marauding, might well be said to partake of the character of offensive warfare and yet not be that in intent or in the ordinary acceptation of the term. Everything would have to depend upon the point of view.

39. A restricted use of the Indians in offensive guerrilla action Pike would doubtless have permitted and justified. Indeed, he seems even to have recommended it in the first days of his interest in the subject of securing Indian Territory. No other interpretation can possibly be given to his suggestion that a battalion be raised from Indians that more strictly belonged to Kansas [Official Records, vol. iii, 581]. It is also conceivable that the force he had reference to in his letter to Benjamin, November 27, 1861 [ibid., vol. viii, 698] was to be, in part, Indian.

40. Harrell, Confederate Military History, vol. x, 121-122.

41. In illustration of this, take the statement of the Creek Treaty, article xxxvi.

42. Aside from the early requests for white troops, which were antecedent to his own appointment as brigadier-general,