.

9.4 References

      14  10 Spatial Impact of Climate Change on Winter Droughts in the Mediterranean and Consequences on Agriculture 10.1 Climate variability and change in the Mediterranean basin 10.2 Droughts during rainy seasons 10.3 Rainfall droughts in the Mediterranean: impacts on Spanish agrosystems 10.4 Rainfall droughts in the Mediterranean: projections for the future 10.5 Conclusion 10.6 References

      15  11 The Spatial Impacts of Climate Change on Viticulture Around the World 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Recent climatic trends in the world's wine-growing regions 11.3 Climate zoning in viticulture 11.4 Impact of climate change: anticipating changes in the spatial distribution of vines 11.5 Conclusion 11.6 References

      16  12 Climate Change in the Amazon: A Multi-scalar Approach 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Amazonian climate system 12.3 A changing system: deforestation, warming and drying? 12.4 Uncertainties of future changes, perceptions and adaptations 12.5 Conclusion: a stake in the global negotiations 12.6 References

      17  13 The Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Biomes 13.1 Biomes, a representation of life on a global scale 13.2 Structural and functional impacts of climate change on terrestrial biomes 13.3 Spatializing change: biome modeling 13.4 Conclusion 13.5 References

      18  14 Spatial Impacts of Climate Change on Birds 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Contemporary distributional changes 14.3 Different responses for different species 14.4 Conservation implications 14.5 Conclusion 14.6 References

      19  List of Authors

      20  Index

      21  End User License Agreement

      Guide

      1  Cover

      2  Table of Contents

      3  Title Page

      4  Copyright

      5  Begin Reading

      6  Index

      7  End User License Agreement

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Annual mean surface temperature from 1880 to 2019 compared to the 18...Figure 1.2. Average surface temperature per decade from 1910 to 2017 compared to...Figure 1.3. Ocean heat content (OHC) in the upper water section above 2,000 m fr...Figure 1.4. Vertical cross-section of ocean temperature trends from 1960 to 2019...Figure 1.5. Spatial distribution of Arctic warming for the period 1961-2014 for ...Figure 1.6. Temporal distribution of air temperature warming at Longyearbyen, 78...Figure 1.7. Annual mean precipitation and annual mean temperatures from 1969 to ...Figure 1.8. (a) Mean change in surface temperature. (b) Mean sea-level rise from...Figure 1.9. (a) Change in mean surface temperature. (b) Change in mean precipita...Figure 1.10. Projected changes in summer surface temperatures (June to August) c...Figure 1.11. Projected changes in winter (December to February) surface temperat...Figure 1.12. Elements of the global energy balance and albedo of different surfa...Figure 1.13. Positive feedback loops explaining the amplification of Arctic clim...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Extension of the cryosphere. For a color version of this figure, see...Figure 2.2. Average Arctic sea ice extent for the month of September between 197...Figure 2.3. Spatial extent of Arctic sea ice as of September 1, 1980, and on Sep...Figure 2.4. (a) Thermodynamic feedback loops; (b) direct mechanics; and (c) indi...Figure 2.5. Antarctic sea ice extents derived from satellite data DMSP Nimbus7 a...Figure 2.6. Total extent of melt day, or sum of daily melt area during the 1999-...Figure 2.7. Number of days of melt at the surface of Greenland's ice sheet betwe...Figure 2.8. Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. For a color version of this...Figure 2.9. Annual mass balance of reference glaciers with more than 30 years of...Figure 2.10. Cumulative mass change from