Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing. Jakob J. van Zyl

SERIES IN REMOTE SENSING

      Jin Au Kong, Editor

      Asrar • THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING

      Crane • ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION THROUGH RAIN

      Curlander and McDonough • SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR: SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING

      Elachi and van Zyl • INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS AND TECHNIQUES OF REMOTE SENSING, Second Edition

      Haykin, Lewis, Raney, and Rossiter • REMOTE SENSING OF SEA ICE AND ICEBERGS

      Haykin and Steinhardt • ADAPTIVE RADAR DETECTION AND ESTIMATION

      Janssen • ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSING BY MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY

      Landgrebe • SIGNAL THEORY METHODS IN MULTISPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING

      Liang • QUANTITATIVE REMOTE SENSING OF LAND SURFACES

      Maffett • TOPICS FOR A STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADAR CROSS SECTIONS

      Steinberg and Subbaram • MICROWAVE IMAGING TECHNIQUES

      Szekielda • SATELLITE MONITORING OF THE EARTH

      Tsang, Kong, and Ding • SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: THEORIES AND APPLICATIONS

      Tsang, Kong, Ding, and Ao • SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

      Tsang and Kong • SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: ADVANCED TOPICS

      Udd • FIBER OPTIC SMART STRUCTURES

Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing

      Third Edition

       Charles Elachi and Jakob van Zyl

       California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, California, USA

      This edition first published 2021

      © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

      Edition History John Wiley & Sons, Inc (1e, 2006); John Wiley & Sons, Inc (2e, 2011)

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      The right of Charles Elachi and Jakob van Zyl to be identified as the author(s) of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

      Names: Elachi, Charles, author. | Van Zyl, Jakob, 1967– author.

      Title: Physics and techniques of remote sensing / Charles Elachi and Jakob van Zyl.

      Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Series: Wiley series in remote sensing | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020051941 (print) | LCCN 2020051942 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119523017 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119523123 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119523086 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Remote sensing.

      Classification: LCC G70.4 .E43 2021 (print) | LCC G70.4 (ebook) | DDC 621.36/78–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020051941 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020051942

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Image: © NASA/JPL

       To the memory of my dear friend and coauthor, Jakob van Zyl, who left this Earth a few days after we completed this edition.

      Charles

Preface

      The advent of the space age opened a whole new dimension in our ability to observe, study, and monitor planetary (including Earth) surfaces and atmospheres on a global and continuous scale. This led to major developments in the field of remote sensing in the scientific, commercial, national security, and technical aspects. In addition, ongoing technological developments in detectors and digital electronics opened the whole electromagnetic spectrum to be used for detecting and measuring ever‐finer details of the emitted and reflected waves that contain the “fingerprints” of the medium with which they interact. Spaceborne imaging spectrometers from the ultraviolet to the far infrared are being developed to acquire laboratory quality spectra for each observed surface pixel or atmospheric region, thus allowing direct identification of the surface or atmospheric composition. Multispectral polarimetric and interferometric imaging radars are providing detailed maps of the surface morphology, dynamics, cover and the near‐subsurface structure, as well as three‐dimensional maps of precipitation and cloudy regions in the atmosphere. Active microwave sensors are being used to monitor, on a global basis, the dynamics of the ocean: its topography, currents, near‐surface wind, and polar ice. Passive and active atmospheric sounders provide detailed profiles of the atmosphere and ionosphere characteristics: temperature, pressure, wind velocity, and electron content. Large‐scale multispectral imagers provide repetitive global images of the surface biomass cover and monitor our planet's environmental changes resulting from natural causes as well as from the impact of human civilization.

      These capabilities are also being applied more extensively in exploring the planets in our solar system with flyby and orbiting spacecraft. All the major bodies in the solar system have been visited and explored.