NATO’s Enlargement and Russia. Группа авторов

of ‘Sarmat.’” Military Industrial Courier (in Russian), October 12, 2016. https://vpk.name/news/165525_aerostat__drug_sarmata.html.

34 Putin, Vladimir. 2018. “Presidential address to the Federal Assembly,” March 1, 2018. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56957.

35 Office of the Secretary of Defense. 2018. U.S. Nuclear Posture Review. Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF.

36 Ibidem.

37 Ibidem.

38 This applies to U.S. systems such as the Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missile (BGM-109), and airlaunched cruise missiles (AGM-84, AGM-158B, JASSM-ER). Russia is also increasing its arsenal of nonnuclear cruise missiles: Kalibr 3M-54 and 3M-14 sea-launched cruise missiles and the Kh-55SM, Kh-555, and Kh-101-type air-launched cruise missiles. By 2018, the number of high-precision cruise missiles in the Russian arsenal had increased more than thirtyfold, according to Putin, Vladimir. 2018. “Presidential address to the Federal Assembly,” March 1, 2018. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56957.

39 In particular, such systems are being developed by the United States as part of the Prompt Global Strike program, for example, the Alternate Reentry System (ARS). In parallel, the Boeing X-51A Waverider hypersonic air-launched cruise missile is being tested for deployment on heavy bombers. Russia is ahead of the United States in flight tests of hypersonic gliders for launch by ICBMs (such as the SS-19 or the new Sarmat heavy ICBM by 2020). Putin spoke about the new Avangard system during his March 1, 2018, address.

40 Einhorn, Robert and Steven Pifer. 2017. Meeting U.S. Deterrence Requirements: Toward a Sustainable National Consensus: A Working Group Report. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 20.

41 Putin, Vladimir (approved). n.d. “Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation” (in Russian). Accessed November 30, 2020. http://news.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/41d527556bec8deb3530.pdf.

42 In 2010, the U.S. decided to withdraw the Tomahawk from nuclear service by 2014, but the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review announced the decision to return the SLCM to nuclear service aboard submarines.

43 UA-RU.info. 2020. “Russia Conducted Secret Military Exercises Near EU Borders—the Media.” Unified Information Portal (in Russian), December 17, 2011. Accessed November 30, 2020. http://ua-ru.info/news/41846-rossiya-provela-taynye-voennye-ucheniyau-granic-es-smi.html.

44 Arbatov, Alexey. 2015. “Nuclear Arms Control: The End of the Story.” Global Economy and International Relations 5: 5–18.

45 Office of the Secretary of Defense. 2018. U.S. Nuclear Posture Review. Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 23. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF.

46 Putin, Vladimir. 2018. “Presidential address to the Federal Assembly,” March 1, 2018. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56957.

47 Kremlin.ru. 2016. “Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club,” October 27, 2016. Accessed November 30, 2020. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53151.

48 At least, this pertains to the author as a participant of those negotiations.

49 Putin, Vladimir (approved). n.d. “Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation” (in Russian). Accessed November 30, 2020. http://news.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/41d527556bec8deb3530.pdf.

50 It is true, however, that the United States and China have made some progress: they have begun to compile a dictionary of strategic words and concepts.

51 More on this in: Karaganov, Sergey. 2017. “On the New Nuclear World: How to Strengthen Deterrence and Maintain Peace.” Russia in Global Politics 2, 65–86; Kortunov, Andrey. 2018. “The End of the Bilateral Era. How the U.S. Withdrawal From the INF Treaty Changes the World Order.” Carnegie Moscow Center (in Russian), October 23, 2018. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/77551.

52 United Nations General Assembly. 2017. “Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.” United Nations: undocs.org. Accessed November 30, 2020. http://undocs.org/en/A/CONF.229/2017/8.

53 Arbatov, Alexey. 2018. “The Danger of Withdrawing From the INF Treaty: Hybrid War: Russia vs. the West.” Carnegie Moscow Center, October 26, 2018. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/77589.