Resources of Christianity. Francois Jullien

contradicts our understanding, or the facts of experience, and brings us up against the “unthinkable” (undenkbar). The fulfillment occurs instantly, meeting with no resistance from the world and requiring no patient effort of knowledge, for a miracle is “as rapid as a wish is impatient,”⁴ but what could it be if not a fiction where we mistake our desires for reality? What could it be if not the production and projection of an imagination that dreams as it likes of happiness, and never works towards it?

Freud takes things no further (in The Future of an Illusion). All our “anti-theology” textbooks rehash the same arguments. But can we leave it at that? What has Feuerbach’s analysis, though apt and even elucidating, been compelled to overlook? What has its initial choice forced it unwittingly to leave aside? Christianity might indeed have promoted subjectivity, but it remains to be seen whether we should understand its particular notion of the “subjective” as the correlate of the objective in science’s determination. It remains to be seen whether we have, on principle, come to misapprehend subjectivity inasmuch as Christianity has revealed it not to respond to objectivity, inasmuch as Christianity has, in advance, left their pairing in suspense and, as it were, imperfect. If we set the miracle, the prodigy that contravenes reason (water changed to wine at Cana), at the core of Christian faith, then what are we to make of the fact that such a prodigy is referred to explicitly not as a “miracle” (Wunder) but as a “sign” (sēmeîon, σημεῖον, in Greek)? It is others who demand prodigy-miracles (terata, τέρατα); Christ, for his part, produces signs (cf. John 4:48 ).⁵ Doesn’t the substitution of sign for miracle produce an immediate shift in thought, directing it towards something else (other than thaumaturgy)? Moreover, in viewing it strictly from the perspective of non-contradiction, like Feuerbach, do we not immediately close reason off from paradox, the very thing to which Christianity has so powerfully contributed, the very thing whose intelligence Christianity has deployed? Indeed, can the positing of God as the objectification of desire obscure what Christianity, following in Judaism’s wake, invites us to discover, under the figure of God, as the encounter with the Other? Though a bit too quick to dispense with the question of the “world” – of its consistency, and thus also of its resistance to desire – Christian thought on the matter of subjectivity has an essential link with alterity, which itself compels an effective spilling-over from the world [fait effectivement déborder du monde].

That Christianity might be an entirely human production does not account for the entirety of its import. That its content might in fact be “anthropological,” as Feuerbach says, should not lead us to overlook what it has promoted and invented in man. For the term essence in The Essence of Christianity rightly has another use. Not only does it speak to the specificity of Christianity, it more importantly, more radically, serves to define the religion as “the relation of man to his own nature [i.e., essence]⁶.” Therein lies its truth. But Christianity, adds Feuerbach, recognizes man’s essence not as his own but as that of another, extant in itself (“God”), separate from man, and even standing in opposition to him. And therein lies its falsity. In this respect religion is, as Marx would say, “alienating.” But in rendering this judgment – that is, in bringing the “celestial” down to the earth of anthropology – must we necessarily restrict man’s “essence” to a particular fixed content, to a fixable content? Must we thereby forget that “man” is a creature in midbecoming – or, better yet, mid-advent? For man is ceaselessly detaching from himself, precisely to make himself other. Therein lies his capacity to abide outside of himself [se tenir hors de soi] and properly “ex-ist.” Even from a strictly human perspective, hasn’t Christianity opened new possibilities unto man (opened them in man)? We cannot be content, like Feuerbach, with an explanation of Christianity as a phenomenon, as every explanation is reductive, and we will risk failing to see the exploratory and effectively productive aspects within Christianity. Baldly stated, my question here is as follows: is Christianity’s productive capacity – what lays within its power to develop within man – now exhausted?

I will steer clear, then, of these three well-trodden paths, all leading through the sole plain of belief. I will guard against bringing Christianity into the sphere of reason, which will seek to steer it towards a more generally acceptable ethical good sense – though this once had the merit of drawing Europe out of dogmatic and bloody conflicts. I will also not do the reverse and set Christianity against reason, finding justification in its aura of mystery – though this once served to emancipate subjectivity, primarily from the sclerotic rationality to which the Enlightenment had led. Finally, I will not be content to explain Christianity, and fail in my analysis of its “essence” to grasp what it might promote in terms of existence – though this too, historically, was once necessary, so that, within its exigency, the possibility of science could assert itself separately from religion. The genealogy I would point to here, if we need one, goes back through Nietzsche, paradoxically enough. Nietzsche wondered what Christianity had both perverted and refined in “man” as he had become in Europe. What had this cost in terms of Greek heroism and happiness? Moreover, what manner of abyssal interiority, what possible subjectivity, had it subsequently carved out, even in its culture of resentment towards life? Nietzsche, however, dealt in terms of “values,” counseled and even foretold against Christianity a “transvaluation of values,” Umwertung aller Werte, because values are indeed exclusive. But must we end things there, at exclusion? For this reason I will deal in terms not of “values” but of resources.

Translator’s notes

      1 1. Advene (advenir) and advent (avènement) are special terms in the author’s philosophical lexicon, and tie in with his notions of the divide (écart) and, especially, of ex-istence, wherein a subject that is truly alive abides outside of the world, while remaining within it. This is the whole point of the book. An advent here is an occurrence that comes from outside of the world.

      2 2. The first two lines of Louis Aragon’s poem “La Rose et le Réséda,” a call to put religion aside in the resistance against the Nazis.

      3 3. A reference to Henri Bergson’s “supplément d’âme” (literally supplement of soul) – “We must add that the body, now larger, calls for a bigger soul, and that mechanism should mean mysticism”: Henri Bergson, Two Sources of Morality and Religion, trans. R. Ashley Audra and Cloudesley Brereton, London: Macmillan and Co., 1935, p. 310.

      4 4. Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, trans. Marian Evans, London: John Chapman, 1854.

      5 5. “Then Jesus said unto him, Except ye see signs and wonders, ye will not believe.”

      6 6. Standard French and English translations differ in their choice of synonym. The French word essence figures in, for example, Ludwig Feuerbach, Essence du christianisme, trans. Joseph Roy, Paris: A. Lacroix, Verboechoven & Cie., 1864; the English word nature in Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, trans. Marian Evans, New York: Calvin Blanchard, 1855.