Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook. A. Kayode Coker

Axial, Centrifugal + Recipr. Power^d (kW) 8000 50 Rotary Power^d (kW) 1000 50 Drives for compressor Electric Power^e (kW) 15,000 <1 Steam turbine Power^e (kW) 15,000 100 Gas turbine Power^e (kW) 15,000 10 Internal combustion eng. Power^e (kW) 15,000 10 Process heaters Duty (MJ/h) 500,000 10,000 Duties different for reactive heaters/furnaces Heat exchangers Area (m²) 1000 10 For Area <10 m² use Tube Dia. (m) 0.0254 0.019 double-pipe exchanger Length (m) 6.5 2.5 Pressure (bar) 150 Vacuum For 150 < P < 400 bar Temperature (°C) 400^b −200 need special design

      ^aMost of the limits for equipment sizes shown here correspond to the limits used in the costing program (CAPCOST.BAS).

^bMaximum temperature and pressure are related to the materials of construction and may differ from values shown here.

^cFor 20 <L/D < 30 special design may be required. Diameter up to 7 m possible but over 4 m must be fabricated on site.

^dPower values refer to fluid/pumping power.

^ePower values refer to shaft power.

      Source: Turton, R. et al., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall International Series, 2001.

       Effect of Typical Materials of Construction on Product Color, Corrosion, Abrasion, and Catalytic Effects .

Metals
Material	Advantages	Disadvantages
Carbon steel	Low cost, readily available, resists abrasion, standard fabrication, resists alkali	Poor resistance to acids and strong alkali, often causes discoloration and contamination
Stainless steel	Resists most acids, reduces discoloration, available with a variety of alloys, abrasion less than mild steel	Not resistant to chlorides, more expensive, fabrication more difficult, alloy materials may have catalytic effects
Monel–Nickel	Little discoloration, contamination, resistant to chlorides	Not resistant to oxidizing environments, expensive
Hasteloy	Improved over Monel–Nickel	More expensive than Monel–Nickel
Other exotic metals	Improves specific properties	Very high cost
Non-metals
Glass	Useful in laboratory and batch system, low diffusion at walls	Fragile, not resistant to high alkali, poor heat transfer, poor abrasion resistance
Plastics	Good at low temperature, large variety to select from with various characteristics, easy to fabricate, seldom discolors, minor catalytic effects possible	Poor at high temperature, low strength, not resistant to high alkali conditions, low heat transfer, low cost
Ceramics	Withstands high temperatures, variety of formulations available, modest cost	Poor abrasion properties, high diffusion at walls (in particular hydrogen), low heat transfer, may encourage catalytic reactions

      Source: Turton, R. et al., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall International Series, 2001.

      14 Process Planning, Scheduling, and Flowsheet