Life of Schamyl. J. Milton Mackie

Horsemanship29

      8  The Circassian Games34

      9  His Love of Nature39

      10  Hunting43

      11  Camping Out48

      12  In the White Mountains54

      13  Songs60

      14  Dances69

      15  Festivals76

      16  His Religious Education81

      17  His Marriage87

      18  Maids94

      19  Wives101

      20  Female Slave-Trade108

      21  Form of Government115

      22  Religious Belief122

      23  Occupations128

      24  Manners134

      25  His Predecessors.—Mahomet-Mollah141

      26  Khasi-Mollah147

      27  Hamsad Bey156

      28  Circassian Mode of Warfare161

      29  Russian Mode of Warfare174

      30  His Personal Appearance185

      31  Becomes Imam, and Continues the War193

      32  Issues Proclamations201

      33  His Head-Quarters at Akhulgo207

      34  The Siege of Akhulgo213

      35  The Expedition against Dargo225

      36  His Domestic Life238

      37  Prince Woronzoff at Dargo251

      38  Schamyl's Proclamation to the Kabardians262

      39  His Invasion of the Kabardas276

      40  His System of Government283

      41  Recent Events293

LIFE OF SCHAMYL.

       Table of Contents

I.

       Table of Contents

      THE LAND OF SCHAMYL.

      Circassia—under which name the country occupied by a great number of tribes of which the Circassians are one, is best known to foreigners—lies in the Caucasus, a range of mountains which, running in the direction between north-west and south-east, extends from the shores of the Black Sea to those of the Caspian, and divides by its wall of rock the two continents of Europe and Asia.

      The traveller approaching these mountains from the steppes inhabited by the Cossacks subject to Russia, beholds at a distance of thirty miles a single white conical summit towering high above the otherwise level horizon. This is the peak of Elbrus, the loftiest in the Caucasian chain, and called by the natives the Dsching Padischah, or great spirit of the mountains. Next, is seen the no less solitary top of Kasbek, situated further eastward, and its snows tinged by the first red rays of the morning. Then, the whole line of summits, "the thousand peaked," rises to view; and finally, a lower range covered with forests, and hence called the Black Mountains, draws its dark and irregular outline against the higher snows beyond.

      The waters shed from the northern declivities of the Caucasus, are received by two principal rivers, the Kuban and the Terek; while those which flow down on the south side are gathered into the Rion and the Kur, or ancient Cyrus. Of these streams the Kuban is the largest, and empties itself as does the Rion, into the Black Sea; the other two running eastward to the Caspian.

      The western portion more especially of the Black Mountains is heavily wooded. Gigantic oaks spread their branches above cliffs and summits, where in less favored climes only the cold pine would be able to find a scanty subsistence; while the spray of the Black Sea is dashed against the immense stems of the blood-wooded taxus, and the red and almond-leaved willows sweep with their long branches the waves. The box here is a giant of the forest; the stern of the juniper measures often fifteen feet in circumference; and the vine climbing to the top of the lofty elm sends its tendrils across to the neighboring beech, hanging festoons from tree-top to tree-top, and almost making of the forest one far spreading arbor. Lower down the pomegranate hangs out its blossoms; the fig and wild pear their fruits; the laurel and the myrtle their green leaves; while an infinite variety of creepers entwine themselves around every form, and wild flowering plants, from gorgeous rhododendrons and azalias to the lowly violet and arbutus, fill the woods with sweet odors.

      The distant view of the Caucasus, so bold in its outlines and varied in its forms, surpasses in grandeur that of the Alps; and if from the small number of lakes and glaciers, the interior aspects present less of that exceeding beauty which characterizes the Swiss landscapes above