The South Pole (Complete Edition). Roald Amundsen

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       Roald Amundsen

      The South Pole

      (Complete Edition)

      Published by

      Books

      - Advanced Digital Solutions & High-Quality eBook Formatting -

       [email protected]

      2018 OK Publishing

      ISBN 978-80-272-4918-3

      Table of Contents

       The First Account

       Introduction

       Chapter I The History of the South Pole2

       Chapter II Plan and Preparations

       Chapter III On the Way to the South

       Chapter IV From Madeira to the Barrier

       Chapter V On the Barrier

       Chapter VI Depot Journeys

       Chapter VII Preparing for Winter

       Chapter VIII A Day at Framheim

       Chapter IX The End of the Winter

       Chapter X The Start for the Pole

       Chapter XI Through the Mountains

       Chapter XII At the Pole

       Chapter XIII The Return to Framheim

       Chapter XIV Northward

       Chapter XV The Eastern Sledge Journey

       Chapter XVI The Voyage of the “Fram”

       Appendix I The “Fram”

       Appendix II Remarks on the Meteorological Observations at Framheim

       Appendix III Geology

       Appendix IV The Astronomical Observations at the Pole

       Appendix V Oceanography

      To

      My Comrades,

      The Brave Little Band That Promised

      In Funchal Roads

      To Stand by Me in the Struggle for the

      South Pole,

      I Dedicate this Book.

      Roald Amundsen.

      Uranienborg,

      August 15, 1912.

      The First Account

       Table of Contents

      On February 10, 1911, we started for the South to establish depots, and continued our journey until April 11. We formed three depots and stored in them 3 tons of provisions, including 22 hundredweight of seal meat. As there were no landmarks, we had to indicate the position of our depots by flags, which were posted at a distance of about four miles to the east and west. The first barrier afforded the best going, and was specially adapted for dog-sledging. Thus, on February 15 we did sixty-two miles with sledges. Each sledge weighed 660 pounds, and we had six dogs for each. The upper barrier (“barrier surface”) was smooth and even. There were a few crevasses here and there, but we only found them dangerous at one or two points. The barrier went in long, regular undulations. The weather was very favourable, with calms or light winds. The lowest temperature at this station was — 49° F., which was taken on March 4.

      When we returned to winter quarters on February 5 from a first trip, we found that the Fram had already left us. With joy and pride we heard from those who had stayed behind that our gallant captain had succeeded in sailing her farther south than any former ship. So the good old Fram has shown the flag of Norway both farthest north and farthest south. The most southerly latitude reached by the Fram was 78° 41’.

      Before the winter set in we had 60 tons of seal meat in our winter quarters; this was enough for ourselves and our 110 dogs. We had built eight kennels and a number of connecting tents and snow huts. When we had provided for the dogs, we thought of ourselves. Our little hut was almost entirely covered with snow. Not till the middle of April did we decide to adopt artificial light in the hut. This we did with the help of a Lux lamp of 200 candle-power, which gave an excellent light and kept the indoor temperature at about 68° F. throughout the winter. The ventilation was very satisfactory, and we got sufficient fresh air. The hut was directly connected with the house in which we had our workshop, larder, storeroom, and cellar, besides a single bathroom and observatory. Thus we had everything within doors and easily got at, in case the weather should be so cold and stormy that we could not venture out.

      The sun left us on April 22, and we did not see it again for four months. We spent the winter in altering our whole equipment, which our depot journeys had shown to be too heavy and clumsy for the smooth barrier surface. At the same time we carried out all the scientific work for which there was opportunity. We made a number of surprising meteorological observations. There was very little snow, in spite of there being open water in the neighbourhood. We had expected to observe higher temperatures in the course of the winter, but the thermometer remained very low. During five months temperatures were observed varying between — 58° and — 74° F. We had the lowest (-74° F.) on August 13; the weather was calm. On August 1 we had — 72° F. with a wind of thirteen miles an hour. The mean temperature for the year was — 15° F. We expected blizzard after blizzard, but had only two moderate storms. We made many excellent observations of the aurora australis in all parts of the heavens. Our bill of health was the best possible throughout the whole winter. When the sun returned on August 24 it shone upon men who were healthy in mind and body, and ready to begin the task that lay before them.

      We had brought the sledges the day before to the starting-point of the southern journey.