The Essentials of Modern Software Engineering. Ivar Jacobson

will show how reusable practices can be liberated from the methods that use them—their method prisons. Free the practices from the method prisons!

       Acknowledgments

      Special thanks and acknowledgment goes to Svante Lidman and Ian Spence for their work on the first Essence book [Jacobson et al. 2013a], from which some pieces of text have been used, to Mira-Kajko-Mattson for her role in the original shaping of this book, to Pontus Johnson for his work on theory in Part I, Chapter 7 and to Barbora Buhnova for in particular her clear and accurate writing of the goal and the accomplishments paragraphs in each chapter of the book. All these contributions improved the clarity of the book as a whole.

      The authors also want to recognize and thank all the people that worked with us in creating the OMG Essence standard and in working on its use cases. Without these individuals’ work this book would never have been written:

      • For founding the SEMAT (Software Engineering Method And Theory) community in 2009 and later leading it: Apart from Ivar Jacobson, the founders were Bertrand Meyer and Richard Soley. June Park chaired the SEMAT community from 2012 to 2016 and Sumeet Malhotra from 2016 until now.

      • For serving as members of the Advisory Board chaired by Ivar Jacobson: Scott Ambler, Herbert Malcolm, Stephen Nadin, Burkhard Perkens-Colomb.

      • For supporting the foundation of the SEMAT initiative and its call for action:

      ■ Individuals: Pekka Abrahamsson, Scott Ambler, Victor Basili, Jean Bézivin, Robert V. Binder, Dines Bjorner, Barry Boehm, Alan W. Brown, Larry Constantine, Steve Cook, Bill Curtis, Donald Fire-smith, Erich Gamma, Carlo Ghezzi, Tom Gilb, Robert L. Glass, Ellen Gottesdiener, Martin Griss, Sam Guckenheimer, David Harel, Brian Henderson-Sellers, Watts Humphrey, Ivar Jacobson, Capers Jones, Philippe Kruchten, Harold “Bud” Lawson, Dean Leffingwell, Robert Martin, Bertrand Meyer, Paul Nielsen, James Odell, Meilir Page-Jones, Dieter Rombach, Ken Schwaber, Alec Sharp, Richard Soley, Ian Sommerville, Andrey Terekhov, Fuqing Yang, Edward Yourdon.

      ■ Corporations: ABB, Ericsson, Fujitsu UK, Huawei, IBM, Microsoft Spain, Munich RE, SAAB, SICS, SINTEF, Software Engineering Institute (SEI), Tata Consulting Services, Telecom Italia, City of Toronto, Wellpoint.

      ■ Academics: Chalmers University of Technology, Florida Atlantic University, Free University of Bozen Bolzano, Fudan University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Joburg Centre for Software Engineering at Wits University, KAIST, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, National University of Colombia at Medellin, PCS—Universidade de São Paulo, Peking University, Shanghai University, Software Engineering Institute of Beihang University, Tsinghua University, University of Twente, Wuhan University.

      • For developing what eventually became the Essence standard with its use cases and for driving it through the OMG standards process: Andrey Bayda, Arne Berre, Stefan Bylund, Dave Cuningham, Brian Elvesæter, Shihong Huang, Carlos Mario Zapata Jaramillo, Mira Kajko-Mattson, Prabhakar R. Karve, Tom McBride, Ashley McNeille, Winifred Menezes, Barry Myburgh, Gunnar Overgaard, Bob Palank, June Park, Cecile Peraire, Ed Seidewitz, Ed Seymour, Ian Spence, Roly Stimson, Michael Striewe.

      • For organizing SEMAT Chapters around the world: Doo-Hwan Bae, Steve Chen, Zhong Chen, Barry Dwolatsky, Gorkem Giray, Washizaki Hironori, Debasish Jana, Carlos Mario Zapata Jaramillo, Pinakpani Pal, Boris Pozin.

      • For co-chairing the “Software Engineering Essentialized” project with Ivar Jacobson: Pekka Abrahamsson. This project develops training material, quizzes, exercises, certification, games, essentialized practices, etc. to support teachers giving classes based on this book.

      From the outset of the writing of this book, the authors were aware of the fundamental change they proposed to the education in software engineering. Therefore, they wanted the book to be meticulously reviewed before publication. The book has been reviewed in 5 phases, each being presented as a draft. About 1000 comments have been given by more than 25 reviewers and each comment has been discussed and acted upon. We are very grateful for the help we received from the following people (alphabetically ordered) in making this a book we are very proud of: Giuseppe Calavaro, A. Chamundeswari, Görkem Giray, Emanuel Grant, Debasish Jana, Eréndira Miriam Jiménez Hernandez, Reyes Juárez-Ramírez, Winifred Menezes, Marcello Missiroli, Barry Myburgh, Anh Nguyen Duc, Hanna Oktaba, Don O’Neill, Gunnar Overgaard, Pinakpani Pal, Cecile Peraire, Boris Pozin, Antony Henao Roqueme, Anthony Ruocco, Vladimir Savic, Armando Augusto Cabrera Silva, Kotrappa Sirbi, Nebojsa Trninic, Hoang Truong Anh, Eray Tüzün, Murat Paşa Uysal, Ervin Varga, Monica K. Villavicencio Cabezas, Bernd G. Wenzel, Carlos Mario Zapata Jaramillo.

      As you can see from these acknowledgments, many people have contributed to where we are today with Essence and its usage. Some people have made seminal technical contributions without which we wouldn’t have been able to create a kernel for software engineering. Some other people have contributed significant time and effort to move these technical contributions into a high-quality standard to be widely adopted. Some people have been instrumental in identifying the vision and leading the work through all the pitfalls that an endeavor can encounter when it is as huge as the SEMAT in fact is. Finally, some people have made huge efforts and with high passion marketed the work and the result to break through the barriers that fundamentally new ideas always face. We have not made an effort to rank all these contributions here, but we hope all these individuals are assured that we know about them and we are tremendously grateful for all they have done.

      We would also like to thank the team at Windfall Software for carefully copy editing and preparing the content of this book. We are especially grateful to their professional developmental editor, who was instrumental in this endeavor and put in a huge effort to achieve this high-quality result.

      1. Essence has been likened to the DNA of software engineering or the periodic table in chemistry.

      2. Throughout this book, except for the cases where the term project is more appropriate for historical reasons, we use the term endeavor. This is because not all software development occurs within the context of a formal project.

       PART I

       THE ESSENCE OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

      We live at an exciting time in the history of computer and network technologies where software has become a dominant aspect of our everyday life. Wherever you look and wherever you turn, software is there. It is in almost everything you use and affects most everything you do. Software is in many things such as microwaves, ATMs, smart TVs, machines running vehicles, and factories, as well as being utilized in all types of organizations.

      Although software provides many opportunities for improving many aspects of our society, it presents many challenges as well. One of them is development, deployment, and sustainment of high-quality software on a broad scale. Another is the challenge of utilizing technology advancements in new domains, for instance, intelligent homes and Smarter Cities. Here, the evolution of the mobile internet, apps, the internet of things (IoT), and the availability of big data and cloud computing, as well as the application of artificial intelligence and deep learning, are some of the latest “game-changers” with more still to come.

      This book provides you with fundamental knowledge you will need for addressing the challenges faced in this era of rapid technology change. Part I will introduce you to software engineering through the lens of a kernel of fundamental concepts that have been provided by the Object Management Group’s standard called Essence 1. Essence is rapidly becoming a “lingua franca” for software engineering. The authors are convinced that this approach will provide a perspective that will be a lasting contribution to your knowledge base and prepare you to participate in teams that can develop and sustain high-quality software.

      1

       From Programming to Software Engineering

      This