Executive Policymaking. Andrew Rudalevige

Philip R. Dame and Bernard H. Martin, The Evolution of OMB (Middletown, DE: Create Space Publishing, 2009), p. 93.

7. See Allen Schick, “The Budget Bureau That Was: Thoughts on the Rise, Decline, and Future of a Presidential Agency,” Law and Contemporary Problems 35, no. 3 (1970), p. 522.

8. Berman, OMB and the Presidency, p. 9.

9. Richard E. Neustadt, “Presidency and Legislation: The Growth of Central Clearance,” American Political Science Review 48, no. 3 (1954), p. 644. For an incisive analysis of contemporary legislative clearance and the enrolled bill process, see Jeffrey Weinberg, “The View from the Oval Office: Understanding the Legislative Presidency,” Journal of Legislative Studies 24, no. 4 (2018), pp. 1–15.

10. For an analysis of BOB’s role in administrative management, see James P. Pfiffner, “OMB: Professionalism, Politicization, and the Presidency,” in Executive Leadership in Anglo-American Systems, edited by Colin Campbell and Margaret Wysomirski, pp. 195–218. On this era, see also Matthew Dickinson and Andrew Rudalevige, “Presidents, Responsiveness, and Competence: Revisiting the ‘Golden Age’ at the Bureau of the Budget,” Political Science Quarterly 119, no. 4 (2004–2005).

11. Pfiffner, “OMB: Professionalism, Politicization, and the Presidency,” pp. 201–05.

12. Dame and Martin, The Evolution of OMB, p. 93.

13. Ibid.

14. See Matthew Dickinson and Andrew Rudalevige, “Presidents, Responsiveness, and Competence: Revisiting the ‘Golden Age’ at the Bureau of the Budget,” Political Science Quarterly 119, no. 4 (2004–2005), p. 653.

15. Dickinson and Rudalevige, “Presidents, Responsiveness, and Competence,” p. 648.

16. Statement by Elmer Staats, who chaired the panel meeting of the Presidency Project of the National Academy of Public Administration (May 17, 1988). The author was present.

17. Congressional Budget Office, “The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2018–2028 (April 2018), table 1.3.

18. Aaron Wildavsky, The New Politics of the Budgetary Process (NY: Little Brown, 1988), pp. 166–68.

19. Richard Fenno, The Power of the Purse (Boston: Little Brown, 1966), pp. 100–02.

20. Schick, “The Budget Bureau That Was,” p. 533.

21. The 80 percent comes from The Office of Management and Budget: An Insider’s Guide, edited by Steve Redburn and Paul Posner (Washington: White House Transition Project, 2016), p. 12. The 20 percent comes from OMB: Congressional Budget Submission, FY 2020, p. OMB-8, EOP-9.

22. Reorganization Plan No. 2, 1970. Title 5, Chapter 9, U.S. Code, Appendix, p. 200 (italics in the original).

23. See Dame and Martin, The Evolution of OMB, p. 30.

24. James P. Pfiffner, The President, the Budget, and Congress: Impoundment and the 1974 Budget Act (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979), pp. 9–20.

25. Quoted in Louis Fisher, Presidential Spending Power (Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 52.

26. Berman, OMB and the Presidency, pp. 117–25.

27. The author observed executive branch panic in reaction to Stockman’s hit list from the office of the director of the Office of Personnel Management in 1980.

28. For a detailed analysis of Reagan’s first year budget, see James P. Pfiffner, “The Reagan Budget Juggernaut: The Fiscal 1982 Budget Campaign,” in The President and Economic Policy, edited by James P. Pfiffner (Philadelphia: ISHI Publications, 1986).

29. Stockman, The Triumph of Politics (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 109.

30. Reagan’s tax cut was known as the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. For an excellent and thorough analysis of the specific budget and economic data of the Reagan presidency, see Iwan Morgan, The Age of Deficits: Presidents and Unbalanced Budgets from Jimmy Carter to George W. Bush (University Press of Kansas, 2009), pp. 76–121.

31. Stockman, The Triumph of Politics, p. 268.

32. Ibid., p. 133.

33. Morgan, Age of Deficits, p. 119. The tax increase was known as the Tax Equity and Deficit Control Act of 1982.

34. Congressional Budget Office, “The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2018–2028 (April 2018), table E-1, p. 144.

35. Morgan, Age of Deficits, p. 56.

36. Interview with Barry Anderson by Steve Redburn of the George Mason University Center on the Public Service, October 16, 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=COMVBSWPvqw.

37. Stockman, The Triumph of Politics, p. 159.

38. See Irene Rubin, Balancing the Federal Budget (New York: Chatham House, 2003), pp. 37–45.

39. Joe White, “The President’s Budget vs. Congressional Budgeting,” in Rivals for Power: Presidential-Congressional Relations, edited by James A. Thurber (NY: Roman and Littlefield, 2013), pp. 185, 189.

40. Morgan, The Age of Deficits, pp. 137–49.

41.