Revenue Recognition. Renee Rampulla

apply the initial measurement guidance in FASB ASC 606.

      Scope exceptions

      The following are outside of the scope of FASB ASC 606:

       Lease contracts within the scope of FASB ASC 840, Leases, and when effective, FASB ASC 842, Leases

       Contracts within the scope of FASB ASC 944

       Certain financial instruments and other contractual rights or obligations within the scope of the following:FASB ASC 310, ReceivablesFASB ASC 320, Investments - Debt and Equity SecuritiesFASB ASC 321, Investments - Equity SecuritiesFASB ASC 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint VenturesFASB ASC 325, Investments - OtherFASB ASC 405, LiabilitiesFASB ASC 470, DebtFASB ASC 815FASB ASC 825, Financial InstrumentsFASB ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing

       Guarantees other than product or service warranties within the scope of FASB ASC 460

       Nonmonetary exchanges between entities in the same line of business to facilitate sales to customers (i.e., two oil entities that agree to an exchange of oil to fulfill a demand from their customers in different specified locations on a timely basis)

      

Example 1-1 Scope and scope exceptions

      Sometimes parts of a contract with a customer are within the scope of FASB ASC 606 whereas other parts of that same contract fall outside the scope of FASB ASC 606 and within the scope of other FASB ASC topics. For example, consider the following:

       Contract with a customer

      Able Company entered into a written agreement with its customer Hanson Inc. to lease a copy machine for a period of three years, provide maintenance services on the copy machine, and supply the customer with toner and paper during the same three-year period.

       Assessment

      The revenue Able Company receives from the leasing of the copy machine to Hanson Inc. is within the scope of FASB ASC 840 (or 842, when effective), whereas the revenue received from both the maintenance services and the monthly supply of toner and paper are clearly within the scope of FASB ASC 606.

The core five principles

FASB ASC 606 provides a principle-based framework by introducing core principles that an entity should apply in order to recognize revenue. Keep in mind that these core principles have replaced all industryspecific revenue recognition guidance, unless that guidance is specifically scoped out of the new standard. This is significantly different from the way in which many entities have recognized revenue in the past, which is why FASB has stated that the new revenue recognition standard is the most significant change to accounting; only second to FASB ASC. In order to recognize revenue, an entity should apply the following five steps (core principles):

       Identify the contract(s) with a customer.

       Identify the performance obligations in the contract.

       Determine the transaction price.

       Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

       Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

      In addition to these five-steps for recognizing revenue, ASU No. 2014-09 also addresses the following select areas:

       Accounting for incremental costs of obtaining a contract, as well as costs incurred to fulfill a contract

       Licenses

       Warranties

      

Key point

      FASB ASC 606 has the potential to affect every entity’s day-to-day accounting and, possibly, the way business is executed through contracts with customers. Therefore, entities need to consider all aspects of their contracts with customers and not just the recording of a transaction into the general ledger.

Knowledge check

      1 In order to achieve its core principles, how many steps are described in FASB ASU No. 2014-09?Two.Three.Four.Five.

      2 FASB ASC 606 provides a principle-based framework by introducing core principles that an entity should apply in order to recognize revenue. Which item is not being within the scope of FASB ASC 606?Software and technology.Motion pictures, music, and other forms of media and entertainment.Franchises.Insurance contracts.

Effective dates

      The original effective dates of FASB ASU No. 2014-09 was revised by the issuance of the following ASUs:

       FASB ASU No. 2015-14

       FASB ASU No. 2017-13

      As a result of these ASUs, the revised effective dates for FASB ASC 606 are as follows:

       For public entities, ASU No. 2014-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (meaning January 1, 2018, for calendar year-end entities), including interim periods within that reporting period. Early application was permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period.

       For nonpublic entities, ASU No. 2014-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Nonpublic entities may elect to adopt ASU No. 2014-09 earlier, only as of either of the following:An annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting periodAn annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim reporting periods within annual periods beginning one year after the annual reporting period in which an entity first applied ASU No. 2014-09

       For certain public business entities, ASU No. 2017-13 explains that the SEC staff has stated that they would not object to a public business entity using the non-public entity’s effectives providing the public business entity would not otherwise meet the definition of a public business entity except for a requirement to include or the inclusion of its financial statements or financial information in another entity’s filing with the SEC.

      

Key point

The new revenue recognition standard describes a variety of effective dates. When considering the effective date exception in FASB ASU No. 2017-13, sometimes identifying whether an entity is within the definition of a public entity may not be very clear. See below for additional information from the FASB ASC master glossary:

      “A public business entity is a business entity meeting any one of the criteria below. Neither a not-for-profit entity nor an employee benefit plan is a business entity.

      It is required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to file or furnish financial statements, or does file or furnish financial statements (including voluntary filers), with the SEC (including other entities whose financial statements or financial information are required to be or are included in a filing).

       It is required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Act), as amended, or rules or regulations promulgated under the Act, to file or furnish financial statements with a regulatory agency other than the SEC.

       It is required to file or furnish