Packaging Technology and Engineering. Dipak Kumar Sarker

Table of Chemical Elements and Fundamental Chemistry Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations Scientific and Engineering Symbols

      10  Index

      11  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Packaging: contains, protects, preserves, transports, ‘informs’, and ‘...Table 1.2 Accepted international identity and recycling codes from the American ...

      2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Metals and their use in packaging.Table 3.2 The elemental composition (by percentage) of common metals used in pac...Table 3.3 Types of polymer packaging: polyolefins, cellulosics, and polyisoprene...Table 3.4 Polyethylene types and properties.Table 3.5 Laminates for use in packaging for gas and water barrier properties, m...Table 3.6 Coal tar dyes, lakes, and pigments.Table 3.7 Resistant coatings to protect packaging and product.Table 3.8 Packaging permeability for gases and water vapour recalculated and bas...Table 3.9 Physicochemical testing of packaging.

      3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Surface energy and wetting of packaging materials.Table 4.2 Brittleness, hardness, and Mohs scale.Table 4.3 Puncture and slip test methods.

      4 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Fundamental requirements of packaging.Table 6.2 Napoleon's influence and the history time line from the early years of...Table 6.3 Thermal conductivity and heat transfer data for a range of packaging m...Table 6.4 Cartons, sterilised pouches, and the aseptic Tetra Brik® from Tetra Pa...Table 6.5 Heat‐sealed goods and modified atmosphere (MA) systems.

      5 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Food packaging restrictions and key criteria.Table 7.2 Common packaging starting materials.Table 7.3 Webbing materials.Table 7.4 Pharmaceutical packaging restrictions and key criteria.Table 7.5 Medical device packaging restrictions and key criteria.

      6 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Suppliers and manufacturers of packaging.Table 8.2 Recycling and after‐use.Table 8.3 Chemical watermarks and event markers.Table 8.4 Accelerated testing and shelf life prediction.Table 8.5 Packaging regulations and guidelines, examples of guidelines, and aspe...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Packaging of the past.Figure 1.2 Survey of packaging use: the needs fulfilled by packaging.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Packaging materials chemical engineering unit operations. (a) Org...Figure 2.2 Commodities and principal types of raw materials used for packagi...Figure 2.3 Making metal, glass, and paper packaging raw materials, where all...Figure 2.4 Types of glasses used in packaging applications.

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Types of common glass bottles: clear or ‘flint’ (a, d, f), amber ...Figure 3.2 (a–e) Tinplate structural profiles and chemical composition (not ...Figure 3.3 Tin cans using tin‐plated steel (a) and manufactured in two ways ...Figure 3.4 (a–c) Polymeric materials, percentage use, and applications. HDPE...Figure 3.5 (a–c) Examples of structure, composition, formation, and degradat...Figure 3.6 (a–c) Polymeric materials and physicochemical properties.Figure 3.7 Plastic packaging for general recycling (a), mixed recycling (b),...Figure 3.8 The cross‐sectional structure of plastic laminates, bottles, and ...Figure 3.9 (a–c) The make‐up of the major fractions of paper fibre materials...Figure 3.10 Chemical composition (a) and physical properties (b) of wood pul...Figure 3.11 Colours, opacifiers, and colorants.Figure 3.12 Anthrone and derivative compound colours used in packaging (subt...Figure 3.13 Opacification (a) and surface‐reflecting (b) finishes.Figure 3.14 Plasticisers, alloying agents, and intercalation agents.Figure 3.15 Anti‐oxidants and preservatives used in packaging materials. DEH...Figure 3.16 Water and gas penetration. *Mainly food. The width and placement...Figure 3.17 Inducement of chemical change and leaching. (a) Inducement of ch...Figure 3.18 The burst pressure apparatus used with foil lidding and heat or ...Figure 3.19 Contemporary issues in packaging.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Physics of packaging materials: key elements (a), mechanical para...Figure 4.2 Packaging: surface and structural morphology. (a) Surface‐whitene...Figure 4.3 Surface form and texture. (a) Wetting phenomena with examples. (b...Figure 4.4 Packaging: surface pigmentation and printability. WLBPB, white‐li...Figure 4.5 Packaging: high‐resolution evaluation of the surface. 3D, three‐d...Figure 4.6 Wettability, melting, polymorphism, and crystallites. OPP, orient...Figure 4.7 Crush, piercing, and tear tests for the toughness of paper‐, poly...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The process of making paper pulp.Figure 5.2 The modern Fourdrinier process of making paper.Figure 5.3 The mechanical and physicochemical properties of paper: tensile i...Figure 5.4 Thermal interventions: manufacture of blister pack or ‘pop‐out’ m...Figure 5.5 Corona discharge: plasma treatment, curing, and printability enha...Figure 5.6 Bottles and jars. (a) Bodies and closures based on differing form...Figure 5.7 (a–f) Pouches, trays, and wallets. MAP, modified atmosphere packa...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Packaging for various applications. (a) Sample requirements and t...Figure 6.2 The hermetically sealed tin can.Figure 6.3 Can lacquers: an absence of lacquer on the outer surface (a), sta...Figure 6.4 Nicolas Appert, the inventor of routine hermetic preservation of ...Figure 6.5 Metered filling operations by volume or by weight. FFS, fill, for...Figure 6.6 Modern sterilisation and pasteurisation: the effect of heat treat...Figure 6.7 Retorting and high‐pressure steam treatment. The Fahrenheit scale...Figure 6.8 Cobalt‐60 (⁶⁰Co) and gamma‐irradiation facility.Figure 6.9 Hyperbaric sterilisation and treatment.Figure 6.10 Metered therapeutic devices: the metered dose inhaler device.Figure 6.11 Childproof closures and easy‐open packaging.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Food‐specific packaging requirements.Figure 7.2 Pharmaceutical product‐specific packaging requirements.Figure 7.3 Medical device‐specific packaging requirements.Figure